tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38363182631167239442023-11-15T05:23:05.656-08:00Writing paper pdfArgumentative Essay Topics And ArticlesAmalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.comBlogger165125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-47583445826120186292020-08-27T12:30:00.001-07:002020-08-27T12:30:04.828-07:00The Actual Real World in “The Heat Death of the Universe”In todayâ⬠s occupied world, numerous individuals get so got up to speed in their own vibe that they disregard the various things out there. A few people appear treat their environmental factors as though it were their own ââ¬Å"little worldâ⬠, making limited focus to the variety of the real genuine world and all the things that happen in it. Pamela Zoline addresses this and numerous different issues in the short story, ââ¬Å"The Heat Death of the Universeâ⬠. This piece reports the theoretical, to some degree insane considerations, of the world from a common housewife to the peruser. From the start, these musings have all the earmarks of being originating from a seriously confounded and intellectually shaky individual, with no point what so ever. In opposition to the proof expressed in the content, ââ¬Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and insightful youthful wifeâ⬠¦ pleased with her developing family which keeps her occupied and upbeat around the houseâ⬠(192), the peruser can see that the primary character, Sarah Boyle, is very unsatisfied with her place throughout everyday life. This despondency comes from squandered training, making the passionless housewife resort to interminable consideration, which shapes the existence she has made for herself and the home she is caught in. The way that Sarah Boyle was knowledgeable is called attention to plainly in the initial barely any passages, ââ¬Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and insightful youthful spouse and mother, instructed at a fine Eastern collegeâ⬠(192). This reality can be likewise be effectively reasoned by the peruser in the wake of watching the information Sarah presents and the jargon she displays, for example, ââ¬Å"ONTOLOGY: That part of power which frets about the issues of the idea of presence or beingâ⬠(191) and ââ¬Å"ENTROPY: An amount acquainted in any case with encourage the estimations, and to give away from to the aftereffects of thermodynamicsâ⬠(193). Unmistakably, such words are not ones that would be viewed as basic information or ordinary discussion subjects. The terms utilized by Sarah all through the story lead the peruser to see her as some kind of cutting edge science major. Notwithstanding the jargon utilization, the way where her brain capacities and the propensities she shows likewise manages the peruser to a similar presumption. Sarah exhibits logical reasoning techniques continually; continually making records, seeing insignificant and conceptual things, checking and lettering objects, continually contemplating thoughts and worried about real issues. Once in a while she numbers or letters the things in a roomâ⬠¦ there are 819 separate moveable articles in the living roomâ⬠¦ she is enthusiastically enamored with childrenâ⬠s word references, reference books, ABCs and all reference booksâ⬠(193). Joining every one of these realities, articulations, and perceptions the peruser reasons Sarah Boyle as a deductively instructed, insightful lady: Which prompts the inquiry, for what reason is Sarah a housewife? This idea appears to reoccurringly pass however Sarahâ⬠s mind too. The peculiarities that Sarah Boyle shows apparent the way that she is discontent with her situation in life as a housewife; she feels that her training is useless here, making her vibe unchallenged and exhausted, which just prompts perpetual thought on the planet she has picked. The biggest pointers of Sarahâ⬠s despondency are the notes that she goes out, for example, ââ¬Å"Many youthful spouses fell caught. It is a contemporary sociological phenomenonâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Help, Help, Help, Help, Helpâ⬠(193). Notwithstanding these notes, seldom does Sarah ever discuss her family; which is profoundly in opposition to the desires for the regular housewife. At the point when she alludes to her family, the announcements are very short, unfeeling, and undescriptive. ââ¬Å"Today is the birthday of one of the childrenâ⬠(192). Discussing her family life, never does she notice a spouse. Sarah just offers comments of a faulty sort about her kids, she doesnâ⬠t appear to show the nurturing adoration or empathy one would expect; truth be told, a few places in the short story, the remark is made that ââ¬Å"Sarah Boyle is never fully sure what number of kids she hasâ⬠(196). This remark leaves the peruser confounded and, notwithstanding the various unfavorable and befuddling references made to kids all through the story, makes the peruser believe that she doesnâ⬠t care for her youngsters by any means. Taking a gander at a portion of the announcements she makes, this is very conceivable. In one circumstance she considers that a grain may cause malignant growth, ââ¬Å"Perhaps something is horrendous amiss with the cerealâ⬠¦ Perhaps it causes an uncommon, unfeeling Cancer in little childrenâ⬠¦ she envisions in her mindâ⬠s eye the headlinesâ⬠¦ â⬠(192). Irregardless of this thought, she exorbitantly takes care of the kids the grain ââ¬Å"great yellow stacks of itâ⬠(192) and even goes out to the store to purchase more ââ¬Å"shopping in the supermarketâ⬠¦ a case of Sugar Frosted Flakesâ⬠. These realities join to create the outcome that she couldn't care less if her youngsters get disease. Likewise, Sarah feels that ââ¬Å"housework is never completedâ⬠(197), bringing about a ceaseless assignment, that in the end makes her crazy. All proof at the top of the priority list, it turns out to be certain that she is despondent as a housewife, making her continually make insane thoughts with her unapplied instruction, driving herself into a temperamental mental state. With no suitable method to apply the training Sarah has gotten, she depends on utilizing it in the main spot she has as an alternative, her home. She begins to devise an equal between her home and the universe. She counts on her instruction and actualizes the hypothesis of entropy and the ââ¬Å"heat passing of the Universeâ⬠into her own homemaking abilities. As indicated by these hypotheses consolidated, ââ¬Å"The all out ENTROPY of the Universe accordingly is expanding, tending towards a greatest, comparing to finish issue of the particles in itâ⬠¦ he Universe establishes a thermodynamically shut framework, and if this were genuine it would imply that a period just at long last come when the Universe ââ¬Å"unwindsâ⬠itself, no vitality being accessible for useâ⬠(200). Sarah applies this hypothesis in her housekeeping methods, believing that the more sorted out she is, the less issue she makes. Accordingly, she isn't adding to entropy in her own Universe, her home. Keeping entropy at a consistent in this manner would not add to the ââ¬Å"heat demise of the Universeâ⬠. Obviously, this theoretical reasoning is showing some psychological issues. Toward the finish of the short story, Sarah shows a psychological breakdown, joining all the unexplainable thoughts that skim however her brain in a physical and mental blast. All through this short story, Pamela Zoline viably addresses numerous significant issues in todayâ⬠s society. Through a typical housewife, Sarah Boyle, the peruser can watch the every day injury and sentiment of uselessness that one may involvement with what it can result in. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-50404921661946741162020-08-22T11:53:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:53:22.773-07:00Attila the Hun Timeline and HistoryAttila the Hun Timeline and History This course of events shows the critical occasions throughout the entire existence of the Huns, with accentuation on the rule of Attila the Hun, in a basic one-page position. For an increasingly nitty gritty relating, if it's not too much trouble see the top to bottom course of events of Attila and the Huns. The Huns Before Attila 220-200 B.C. - Hunnic clans attack China, motivate the structure of the Great Wall of China 209 B.C. - Modun Shanyu joins the Huns (called Xiongnu by Chinese-speakers) in Central Asia 176 B.C. - Xiongnu assault the Tocharians in western China 140 B.C. - Han Dynasty Emperor Wu-ti assaults the Xiongnu 121 B.C. - Xiongnu crushed by Chinese; split into Eastern and Western gatherings 50 B.C. - Western Huns move west to the Volga River 350 A.D. - Huns show up in Eastern Europe The Huns under Attila's Uncle Rua c. 406 A.D. - Attila destined to father Mundzuk and obscure mother 425 - Roman general Aetius enlists Huns as hired soldiers late 420s - Rua, Attilas uncle, holds onto power and wipes out different lords 430 - Rua signs the harmony settlement with Eastern Roman Empire, gets a tribute of 350 pounds of gold 433 - Western Roman Empire gives Pannonia (western Hungary) to the Huns as installment for military guide 433 - Aetius takes true control over Western Roman Empire 434 - Rua kicks the bucket; Attila and more established sibling Bleda take Hunnic seat The Huns under Bleda and Attila 435 - Aetius recruits the Huns to battle against the Vandals and Franks 435 - Treaty of Margus; Eastern Roman tribute expanded from 350 to 700 pounds of gold c. 435-438 - Huns assault Sassanid Persia, yet are crushed in Armenia 436 - Aetius and the Huns demolish the Burgundians 438 - First Eastern Roman government office to Attila and Bleda 439 - Huns join the Western Roman armed force in an attack of the Goths at Toulouse Winter 440/441 - Huns sack a strengthened Eastern Roman market town 441 - Constantinople sends its military powers to Sicily, on the way to Carthage 441 - Huns attack and catch the Eastern Roman urban communities of Viminacium and Naissus 442 - Eastern Roman tribute expanded from 700 to 1400 pounds of gold September 12, 443 - Constantinople orders military status and carefulness against Huns 444 - Eastern Roman Empire quits paying tribute to Huns 445 - Death of Bleda; Attila becomes sole ruler Attila, King of the Huns 446 - Huns interest for tribute and escapees denied by Constantinople 446 - Huns catch Roman posts at Ratiaria and Marcianople January 27, 447 - Major quake hits Constantinople; unglued fixes as Huns approach Spring 447 - Eastern Roman armed force crushed at Chersonesus, Greece 447 - Attila controls the entirety of the Balkans, from the Black Sea to the Dardanelles 447 - Eastern Romans give 6,000 pounds of gold in back-tribute, yearly cost expanded to 2,100 pounds of gold, and outlaw Huns gave over for spearing 449 - Maximinus and Priscus international safe haven to the Huns; endeavored death of Attila 450 - Marcian becomes Emperor of Eastern Romans, closes installments to Huns 450 - Roman princess Honoria sends ring to Attila 451 - Huns overwhelm Germany and France; crushed at Battle of Catalaunian Fields 451-452 - Famine in Italy 452 - Attila drives a multitude of 100,000 into Italy, sacks Padua, Milan, and so on. 453 - Attila out of nowhere passes on wedding night The Huns After Attila 453 - Three of Attilas children separate the domain 454 - The Huns are driven from Pannonia by the Goths 469 - Hunnic lord Dengizik (Attilas second child) passes on; Huns vanish from history Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-61142921687546475122020-08-21T09:35:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:35:29.785-07:00Nile River Essay Sample - What Are Naiads, Sea Creatures, and Gods?Nile River Essay Sample - What Are Naiads, Sea Creatures, and Gods?The Naiads, an ancient Egyptian mythology told by several texts in Greek and other ancient languages, create an interesting topic for a Nile River essay sample. Naiads are like fairies who live in streams and lakes, and live off of insects.Naiads can grow to any size, depending on the size of the pond in which they live. The larger the pond, the larger the Naiad. The Naiads are good at watching out for small animals. They come in different colors and are often found clinging to rocks in pools and streams.Naiads are from the realm of the gods. The Egyptian people believed that when the Nile River, which was given to them by the gods, dried up, the waters turned into acid, making the ground muddy. When this happened, the Egyptians knew that there would be danger, and they helped out by building dams and wells to protect their homes.The Egyptians built an enormous dam, called the Pyramid of Menkaure, on the Nile River. H e was buried in it, but was released to rest beneath the water, in an area that is now known as the 'Center of the World.' It has been said that there are several thousand pyramids on the Nile River, many of which are still in use today.If you are a student interested in the ancient Egypt, you will enjoy learning about the Sea Creatures. Ancient Egyptian people worshiped these creatures and would use them to tell how well the Nile River was running. Egyptian gods were believed to live in these creatures, and the Egyptians used the animals to help them create great works of art.You can learn about several of the Sea Creatures through this essay sample. You may learn about fish called BlackFish, which live in cold waters that are saltier than the waters of the oceans. They love fresh water but hate salty water. You will also learn about Mudskippers, which live off of mud and are very good swimmers.The name of the King of the Sea Creatures is called 'Ba-Re', which means to the center o f the earth. His name means 'The Lords of the Two Seas.' The King of the Sea Creatures was also known as the 'Lord of Death,' because he was responsible for maintaining the balance between the two seas.The gods of the ancient Egyptians knew that the Nile River would eventually dry up, and they helped in many ways by building canals to transport water from the oceans to the land. You can learn a lot about the ancient Egyptian gods from this essay sample. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-1190676308255655992020-05-25T18:25:00.001-07:002020-05-25T18:25:04.158-07:00The Reign Of Elizabeth I - 3344 Words The reign of Elizabeth I is often thought of as a Golden Age. It was a time of extravagance and luxury in which a flourishing popular culture was expressed through writers such as Shakespeare, and explorers like Drake and Raleigh sought to expand England s territory overseas. This sense of well-being was embodied by Queen Elizabeth who liked to wear sumptuous costumes and jewellery, and be entertained in style at her court. But life in Tudor England did not always reflect such splendour. The sixteenth century was also a time when the poor became poorer, books and opinions were censored, and plots to overthrow the Queen were rife. Elizabeth s ministers had to employ spies and even use torture to gain information about threats to her life. In 1558 the Protestant preacher John Knox wrote, It is more than a monster in nature that a woman should reign and bear empire over man. So was he right? Were women fit to rule the country? The people had lived through the unpopular reign of Mary I, known as Bloody Mary for her merciless persecution of Protestants. Lady Jane Grey was Queen for only a matter of days before being toppled and eventually executed. And Mary Queen of Scots made a series of ill-judged decisions which led her to the executioner s block in 1587. Elizabeth could be as ruthless and calculating as any King before her. Elizabeth was a different kind of Queen: quick-witted, clever and able to use feminine wiles to get her own way. Elizabeth could be asShow MoreRelatedThe Reign Of Elizabeth I2125 Words à |à 9 PagesThe reign of Elizabeth I was the period during which the trade systems overseas and expansion of exploration was occurring and England had become a great power and one of the biggest influences on the world. It was the period in which most of the industrial development took place which in turn led to many many technological innovations. It was also the period during which humanity subjects like literature, theatre, music flourished, with likes of Shakespeare and William Byrd. Considering all theRead MoreThe Reign Of Queen Elizabeth I And The Elizabethan Era1787 Words à |à 8 Pagesknown as the golden age in English history is associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and the Elizabethan Theater. Although life was not easy during the Elizabethan era it was one of the most progress ive times in history and marked the beginning of the Elizabethan theatre which still to this day influences theatre and the way theatre is presented . The Elizabethan Era began in 1588 and ended in 1603 during Queen Elizabeth I reign England s capital and largest city, London grew to about twoRead MoreHow Different was English Christianity in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) from that of the childhood of Roger Martyn (born c.1527)?1026 Words à |à 5 PagesThis report will compare and contrast how different English Christianity was in the reign of Elizabeth I to the childhood of Roger Martyn. Roger Martyn was a local gentleman who gave a detailed account of his childhood and how Christianity was greatly practiced. Through various time periods of English history, English Christianity differed tremendously. The basic beliefs of Christianity are that Jesus is both fully divine and fully human; humankind is inherently sinful, signifying estrangementRead MoreElizabeth I Research Paper1591 Words à |à 7 PagesEnglish III Elizabeth I I, Overview Elizabeth I (known simply as Elizabeth until the accession of Elizabeth II; 7 September 1533 ââ¬â 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birthRead MoreElizabeth I Dbq Essay719 Words à |à 3 PagesFrancesca Ratovich 5.2.13 p.3 Elizabeth I DBQ Elizabeth I is considered a Machiavellian queen; she placed the political unity of England above any other aspect of her kingdom, including religion. Elizabeth Iââ¬â¢s reign was influenced politically and religiously, in respect to ideas about gender. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII, responded authoritatively to any opposition she faced. Considering the fact that a female successor to the throne of England was ascending, there was a tremendousRead MoreElizabeth I: Britainââ¬â¢s Triumphant Queen Essay examples1611 Words à |à 7 PagesThe exceptional reign of Queen Elizabeth I stands out in British history. Her reign is one of the longest in British history. Under her rule Britain began to gain strength because her policies laid the groundwork for the future rulers to build upon. The previous rulers of England, such as Queen Mary I, created turmoil through their policies which their personal beliefs influenced greatly. Elizabeth Iââ¬â¢s reign remained relatively stable and she implemented new political policies that helped to strengthenRead MoreHow Did Elizabeth Manage Parliament?1391 Words à |à 6 PagesHow successfully did Elizabeth manage parliament? During the reign of Elizabeth I, the Privy Council and court were the centre of the Elizabethan government. Although parliament was Elizabethââ¬â¢s necessary method of legislation and raising taxes, it was far from being a regular part of the governmental system (only being called 13 times during her reign). A leading debate arose when the historian Sir John Neale argued that there was a considerable amount of conflict between MPs and the queen. WhereasRead MoreThe Elizabethan Er The Golden Age Of English History1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesover Englandââ¬â¢s hated Spanish enemies ( Elizabethan Era.). Queen Elizabeth I was queen from 1558 until her death in 1603, marking the Elizabethan Era. à Her father was King Henry VIII, who ruled from 1509 until his death in 1547, and was succeeded by Elizabeth s siblings Edward and Mary. Her fatherââ¬â¢s reign was shaped by his separation from the Catholic Church, which sparked years of religious controversy in England. Queen Elizabeth s mother was Protestant, but Elizabethââ¬â¢s predecessor and sisterRead MoreQueen Elizabeth: The Virgin Queen922 Words à |à 4 PagesLizzie Scott ââ¬Å"I am already bound unto a husband which is the Kingdom of England.â⬠-Elizabeth I (Add Intro) Queen Elizabeth was famously known as ââ¬Å"The Virgin Queenâ⬠for never marrying. She refused to share her power. Queen Elizabeth was born in 1533 and she and her sister were claimed to be illegitimate by her father, Henry VIII since he was looking for a male heir to his throne. Her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed by her husband Henry VIII for what historians believe was false charges of adulteryRead MoreThe Role Of Queen Elizabeth I And Queen Elizabeth I1271 Words à |à 6 Pagestotal of 66 monarchs, all varying in historical importance. Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria are two great monarchs still remembered today. Both women were influential figures who coined their own eras. Queen Elizabeth I influenced the Golden Age, bringing learned arts and education into popularity. The Victorian era became known as an age of great wealth and expansion for the British Empire which is attributed to Queen Victoriaââ¬â¢s reign. What made these seemingly ordinary wo men become some of the Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-91806262173879616772020-05-15T00:45:00.001-07:002020-05-15T00:45:04.246-07:00Cause and Effect Essay - Emergency Contraception Causes... Emergency Contraception Causes Abortion Brown University associate professor of medicine, Ralph Miech, M.D., Ph.D., stated the abortive nature of EC in the Providence Journal on August 3, 1998: This type of pill causes an abortion. From a pharmacologic perspective, this type of pill should be called an abortion-after pill. The question must be asked: How is this contraception? Women are being falsely led to believe that these pills are contraceptive in nature. But one of their common and intended modes of action is to prevent the development of the embryo, resulting in his or her death. A major problem in this debate is the manipulation of terms. The FDA, American College of Obstetricians andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦One dose of pills is taken within 72 hours and a second dose 12 hours later. Proponents claim that the pills are 75% effective in preventing pregnancy. Planned Parenthood, which offers the regimen at many of its sites, says that the method is for special circumstances such as after contraceptive failure or sexual assault. (This raises the question: How can it be contraception, if contraception has already failed so that conception has occurred?) The method offers no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. It also poses greatly increased health risks for smokers, although there are virtually no warnings about this, according to Hanna Klaus, MD, FACOG. About half the women taking ECPs experience nausea and 20% may vomit for up to two weeks. Potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (after a high dose of estrogen) is also among the possible side e ffects. How does EC work? While Preven and other EC pills are FDA-approved as contraception, medical and advocacy groups admit that the pills work in a variety of ways. While these pills may sometimes have a contraceptive mode of action because they prevent or delay ovulation or fertilization, they are designed to prevent implantation as well. According to the FDA, EC pills ... act by delaying or inhibiting ovulation, and/or altering tubal transport of sperm and/or ova (thereby inhibiting fertilization), and/or altering the endometriumShow MoreRelatedAbortion : A Controversial Issue868 Words à |à 4 Pagesconsider abortion as a rightful act, and abortion is a name of destroy human life. Now a days our society faces several types of issues Abortion is one of the complicated issue for both ways health and society thatââ¬â¢s why abortion become a very controversial issue that become debatable in politics. In addition, this essay will describe the different issues of abortion such as, lega l laws of abortion, restriction of abortions, rate of abortion and consequences of the abortion. Abortion is very seriousRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Selective Abortion Essay2650 Words à |à 11 PagesThis essay will evaluate advantages and disadvantages, moral, religious and ethical aspects of selective abortion, which promotes womenââ¬â¢s well-being, physical and mental health. Surgical abortion is an abortion, carried out for different purposes, and accompanied or caused by the death of the fetus. The procedure of the deliberating termination of a human pregnancy is known since ancient times. Kapparis Konstantinos (2002) wrote in his book ââ¬Å"Abortion in the Ancient worldâ⬠that the word abortion cameRead MoreCan Abortion Ever Be Justified?4820 Words à |à 20 PagesReligion fuels much of the intensity of the abortion debate. Modern government is purposefully separated from religion. In the Western world, the teachings of any one religion shouldnà ¡Ã ¦t and donà ¡Ã ¦t dominate the laws of a nation. However the morals and beliefs of the people are what estab lishes the morals and beliefs of a government. And the abortion debate is not just one of religious attributes, it is one of morality, legality, political and scientific concerns too. And it does not just concernRead MoreCounseling Abused Women7410 Words à |à 30 Pageswell being and utilization of the health care system (Ustin and Sartorius, 1995, p.35). The paper is divided into five parts as follows: The first part contains a brief discussion of violence against women, reactions, consequences to violence and causes of the mental problem. This is useful in providing a broad context from which to consider intervention ways of treatment for abused women and the critical analysis of the present situation that are discussed in subsequent sections. Parts two andRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words à |à 55 Pageshttp://www.terry.uga.edu/~dawndba/4500compulsoryhet.htm Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence â⬠¨ Adrienne Rich à Adrienne Rich s essay constitutes a powerful challenge to some of our least examined sexual assumptions. Rich turns all the familiar arguments on their heads: If the first erotic bond is to the mother, she asks, could not the natural sexual orientation of both men and women be toward women? Rich s radical questioning has been a major intellectual forceRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words à |à 109 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC. INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desiresRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright à © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.ââ¬â(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)ââ¬âISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-72313552536307461452020-05-06T15:55:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:55:30.741-07:00American Hookup The New Culture Of Sex On Campus In the book American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus, By Lisa Wade, she addresses the issues and concerns that she sees within the ââ¬Å"hookup cultureâ⬠. Lisa Wadeââ¬â¢s book is a mixture of important statistics and personal accounts of what happens in the hookup culture on various college campuses. To define the hookup culture that Wade is addressing, we can look to the book as Lisa defines the hookup culture as essentially casual sex with no strings attached, another sociologist Kathleen Bogle described this as a ââ¬Å"new normâ⬠for campuses and that this an be very harmful for women especially (Wade, 2017, p.16). Michael Kimmel a well-known sociologist of masculinity was quoted saying that hooking up is ââ¬Å"guys-sexâ⬠and that guys run theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If you do not fit these requirements it is most likely that you donââ¬â¢t participate in the hookup culture on this campus. You can see the parallels between Boise State and the colleges in the book with these requirements. It seems that people of color at a predominantly white institution are quite often left out of the hookup culture, but if they happen to be in the hookup culture they are often fetishsized and exotified, thus making them less likely to want to participate. Another reason that specifically women of color do not want to participate in this hookup culture may have some historical context. The raping and high rates of sexual assaults that happened and are still happening to women of color are still felt in many forms today. Sexual violence has historically been used to perpetuate racism and colonialism. The colonizers viewed bodies of people of color as dirty and unworthy of respect. Violence was normalized for these ââ¬Å"dirty bodiesâ⬠. Native American women and African American women have historically been viewed as ââ¬Ërapableââ¬â¢ (Michigan. 2017). Another important factor in the hookup culture is alcohol and sometimes drugs. The place you are most likely to find these factors is at a party on any college campus. Party oriented students believe that drinking enhances their experiences and improves their personalities (Wade, 2017, p.29). Not all students participate in drinking or drugs and they have felt out of place and judged (Wade, 2017, p.31).Show MoreRelatedThe Strength Of Sexuality : A Statement1425 Words à |à 6 PagesMary Joyce Alejandrino Expository Writing Section BT Mr. Thomas P. Davis 1st Semester Paper Assignment #1 Final Draft September 15, 2014 The Strength in Sexuality To make a statement, women need to utilize a weapon that the public will respond to: sex. Sex has become a means of establishing independence and identity because of its scandalous nature. For centuries, the topic of sexual intercourse was riddled in controversy, unspoken of and hidden behind closed doors. Although sexual desires were partRead MoreHow The Media Influences Gender Roles3905 Words à |à 16 PagesI certify that I have followed the SJFC Academic Honesty Policy for writing papers Gabrielle Burns How the Media Influences Gender Roles in Adolescents One of todayââ¬â¢s thriving issues is the strong gender gaps that exist in American society. Beginning at birth, the hospital assigns blue blankets to boys and pink blankets to girls because those are presumably colors that are fit for each gender. In the toddler stages of life, we can see gender gaps created by the toys childrenRead MoreWomen in the Law Term Paper2048 Words à |à 9 PagesWomen in the Law Term Paper In American society, individuals are constantly subjected to discrimination and gender bias, which pollutes our education systems, military, and individuals in executive business roles. Women are more often subjected to these types of issues and have sought remedy for their issues by looking toward legal theoretical frameworks like Formal Equality, Substantive Equality, and a Non-subordination/Dominance theory approach, which set the guidelines for how to identify andRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words à |à 960 Pageson the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Childrenââ¬â¢s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Greggââ¬â¢s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a New Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-7 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (B): Cleaning Up an Information Systems Debacle CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-53057685225773242032020-05-05T18:17:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:17:09.898-07:00Jack Finley Essay Example For Students Jack Finley Essay Hicks 6May 18, 2003Cattle Drive StoryOne day I was walking to the meat market to get some beef for thatnights dinner. When I was at the meat market, the butcher was talkingabout three cowboys and a cowgirl. Their names were Jose, a Mexican vaquerowhose ancestors once taught the Texans how to ranch, Maria, Joses wife,and Bill, the cook. The butcher said that they were looking for one morecowboy, and that they were going to travel on the Goodnight-Loving Trail tosell cattle in the Northeast to make a big profit.I said I would jointheir cattle drive. The next day Jose, Maria, and Bill came to my house to discuss plans. On the day of July 25 we would start our drive.There were sixty cattlegoing on the drive. Jose said that the larger the number of cattle on thedrive the better to support supply and demand. The demand for cattle wasin the North-East to support their growing population with beef.So Texascowboys supplied them with cattle drives. When July 25 finally arrived we all met at San Angelo to start ourjourney. All of the provisions for our journey were packed in our coveredwagon: food, guns, bullets, clothing, and last, but certainly not least,Bill our cook. The first few days went fine, but then without realizing itwe accidentally went off of the trail and rode into Indian Territory.Wewere raided by a band of Apaches. They held us captive until we made adeal with them. For seven cattle the Apaches would let us go and tell usthe way back to the trail. The Apaches agreed, and told us the way back tothe trail and in exchange we paid our end of the bargain. Once back on the trail, everything went well until a rattlesnake bitBill and we had to rest for three days while he recovered. When we finallyarrived at the Kansas Pacific Railroad we loaded our cattle on the trainand rode on the railroad to Kansas City. We sold our cattle and made 1,925dollars; we each received 481 dollars. I was very happy that I decided togo on the cattle drive, both for the money and for the wonderfulexperience. On the way back home, I drank some pond water that I thought was clean,but it was not. Because of this, I had a horrible case of stomach ailment. This slowed me down for five days, but I made it back to San Antonio.Oneyear later I went another cattle drive, I was now a cowboy. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-74014582308876229742020-04-11T19:01:00.001-07:002020-04-11T19:01:02.303-07:006 Easy Steps to Finding Career Success6 Easy Steps to Finding Career Success We all know what itââ¬â¢s like to want to succeed, but feel as though weââ¬â¢re just not cutting it. Here are six proactive things you can do to get over your fear of being rejected and focus on building momentum in the long term. Step 1:à Get used to hearing ââ¬Å"noâ⬠Donââ¬â¢t take things personally. Rejection is part of the normal rhythm of a career. People say ââ¬Å"noâ⬠all the time, for a wide variety of reasons. Itââ¬â¢s not all about you!Step 2: Turn a negative into a positiveSometimes not getting what you want is for the best. You may be disappointed now, but you never know how youââ¬â¢ll feel in a few months or years. Not getting that promotion or that new job might actually be the best thing for you. Give your future self the chance to be grateful.Step 3: à Use rejection as a reason to take more risksThe trick to getting over rejection is actually getting rejected more. Youââ¬â¢ll never get a ââ¬Å"yesâ⬠if you donââ¬â¢t ever ask the question. After that, itââ¬â¢s just a numbers game! Getting used to the ââ¬Å"nosâ⬠will make the time between the ââ¬Ëyesesâ⬠all the sweeter.Step 4: Show off your drive and ambitionBe proactive. Focus on the things you can do to improve your odds. Ask for leads, cross things off your to-do list, and stay ready. Make as many pitches and proposals as you can. Youââ¬â¢ll start to notice that every rejectionà is still a stepping stone to your ultimate goal!Step 5:à Pay attention to the slightest progressMaking daily progress is immensely satisfying, particularly when your work and goals are meaningful. And it pays off. Behavioral psychology research suggests that improving every single tiny thing by the tiniest 1% can make an enormous difference over time. Consider every increment a building block for building your best and brightest future.Step 6: Take small steps towards your goalsSuccess cannot happen overnight. Itââ¬â¢s important to take small steps in the right direction, and to keep taking those steps. Make a daily commitment to yourself, and continue choosing to work towards your goals. Youââ¬â¢ll get there much faster and enjoy the road a whole lot more. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-53501814502591556602020-03-10T10:59:00.001-07:002020-03-10T10:59:02.455-07:00Awareness Helps in the Early Diagnosis of Bronchitis essaysAwareness Helps in the Early Diagnosis of Bronchitis essays Awareness Helps In Early Diagnosis of Bronchitis Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi. The bronchi are the small openings in the bronchial that become swollen making the opening to the lungs smaller. Since the bronchi tree has a smaller opening, less air enters the lungs making it difficult to breath. It may develop suddenly, following a head cold, or it may persist or return regularly for many years, causing progressive degeneration of the bronchi and lungs. Certain people are more susceptible than others; men are more of a target to bronchitis than women, the reasons are unclear for this statistic. Considering the importance of breathing, you should be aware of the causes, the symptoms and the treatment of this condition to help you with early diagnosis of the problem. First, becoming familiar with the causes of bronchitis may help you to avoid the problem at all. The causes of bronchitis are from viral or bacterial infections, which spread to the chest. A sinus flare-up that turns into a severe sinus infection will easily spread to the chest causing bronchitis. A common cold, not treated, will eventually spread to the chest also causing a case of bronchitis. Of course, catching your cold and sinus problems early will help to prevent the spread of the infection, but seeking the aid of a physician will help more. Second, after realizing the causes of this condition, you should become familiar with the symptoms. In acute bronchitis, the basic symptoms are a head cold, fever and chills, running nose, aching muscles and possibly back pains. At first, you will think you have a little cold until the fever and chills and runny nose starts. You will begin to notice all the achy muscles in your body that comes along with most fevers. The cough is dry and racking and eventually becomes phlegmy. The persistent cough is worse at night than during the day. Also, smoke and fumes you breath in will cause persist ... Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-49508769222181779822020-02-23T01:25:00.001-08:002020-02-23T01:25:03.847-08:00Ethnic Violence in Darfur and International Response EssayEthnic Violence in Darfur and International Response - Essay Example Yet, the Sudanese government has repeatedly violated their own constitutional grants of liberty in that countless ethnically 'black' Sudanese have been trafficked, murdered, and enslaved by Arab militia, supported by the government. Moreover, since law-abiding non-Arab Muslims have been treated in much the same way as violators of the law, racial identity is the prevalent factor in government actions. For this reason, critics of the government argue that it is practicing ethnic cleansing, which is not only a violation of Sudanese law, but international law. While Sudan is a member state to the United Nations Charter, whose purpose is to prevent atrocities such as the Holocaust from reoccurring, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which the Sudan is a signatory is incapable of enforcement absent consent to international jurisdiction. Yet the question remains; is there legal recourse for such victims of government abuse More specifically, does the Sudanese constitution grant liberties for the breach of which there is a right to file a claim If there are such explicit rights, how can these rights be enforced within an oppressive regime This paper seeks to examine how notions of individu... While the United Nations offers to protect such victims, without the consent of the offending country to submit to international adjudication, individual rights exist only to the extent of the will of a member state. Therefore, this paper will also examine the origins of individual rights within the context of natural rights, and how natural law limits human rights protections. In this way, it can be shown why absent physical power to effectively halt the murderous Sudanese regime, victims have neither national nor international legal recourse. History of Violence Sudan is the largest country in Africa. In antiquity Sudan was part of a ancient civilization The country has been through a number of forced religious conversions. First, it was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th century of the Christian era. Then Islam was introduced by Arab invaders in 7th century but did not supplant Christianity until the 15th century. The name Sudan means a "land of the blacks" which denotes the ancient racial composition of the country. As a result of invasions from Syria and immigration of nomadic Arabs has since changed the racial composition. The country is roughly divided into two between Arab controlled dominated north and the black dominated south. The country is further divided along religious lines between Arabs in the north and Christians and animist in the south. Approximately, 40 percent of the population is Arab and 60 percent are African. Roughly 60 percent are Muslim. There are close to 600 ethnic groups and over 100 spoken languages in the South. (UUSC, 2004). This explosion combination has resulted in a protracted struggle for control of the country and its resources which so far has been dominated by Arabs in the north. Fight against Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-19691552178142080312020-02-06T18:11:00.001-08:002020-02-06T18:11:03.058-08:00STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR TOYOTA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR TOYOTA - Essay Example In effect, the strategic management option is being undertaken for the sake of helping the company gain competitive advantage over its key competitors (Pollard, 2009). Pirttimaki (2007) has stressed that even though the annual revenues of Toyota Corporation could be said to be greater than any of its competitors, the company does not lead in all aspects of the industrial competition. This is because the car making industry in itself has several divisions, all of which must be competed for to gain global dominance. Some of these competitive components that the company engages in with its competitors include luxury vehicles, automobiles, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, and engines (Gilad & Gilad, 2008). Generally, the selection of the strategic management option shall be undertaken while critiquing against a specific model to justify why it is the best that the company can have. The model to be used in the critique is made up of three major sections namely suitability, acceptability and feasibility. Under each of the sections, there shall be sub-components against which the strategic option shall be tested with. The model to be used has been simplified below. The Differentiation Strategy The strategic management option selected for Toyota Corporation is the differentiation strategy. ... As the R&D takes place, it is important to also ensure that there is massive innovation that is directed at the need to meet consumer request and demand with style and flex. This is because as all competitors identifies the needs of consumers, it is he that has innovation with the needs that catches the eye of the consumer most (Oââ¬â¢Hara, 2008). Secondly, it is important for companies undertaking the differentiation strategy to have the ability to deliver superior quality products and or services (Gilbane Report 2005). This is indeed a very centralized aspect of the strategy because quality remains a very crucial measure for competitiveness in contemporary global market and for the undertaking of competitive global engagements (Pirttila, 1997). This is because according to Ghoshal & Kim, 2006), the consumer behaviour of most people is changing of cost consciousness to quality consciousness. It would therefore take companies to set their quality apart be gain competitive advantag e. Finally, companies that desire to pursue differentiation strategy must be ready to undertake effective sales and marketing. The reason for this is that on a competitive market such as the one that Toyota finds itself in, almost all other competitors also engage in R&D and the delivery of high quality products and services. In effect, it is those who can effectively market and sell their quality and innovative products and services that really get to the customer (Alvesson & Skoldeberg, 2000). Application of the Model to the Differentiation Strategy Suitability Suitability generally refers to the question of whether or not the selected strategic management option is the right one for the company Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-90963803982781133922020-01-28T23:26:00.001-08:002020-01-28T23:26:05.092-08:00Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay Example for Free Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay While the future of Mental and Behavioral Health Services continue to strive through many striving goals to develop continuous practices, treatments, evaluations, policies, and research, advancements are taking place to better the future of this program and its outreach to the people. Mental disorders are common in the United States and internationally. An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older ââ¬â about one in four adults ââ¬â suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.1 When applied to the 2004 U.S. Census residential population estimate for ages 18 and older, this figure translated to 57.7 million people.2 Even though mental disorders are common in the population, the main load of illness is concentrated in a much smaller proportion ââ¬â about 6 percent, or 1 in 17 ââ¬â who are suffering from a serious mental illness.1 In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada.3 Many people suffer from mo re than one mental disorder at a given time. Roughly, 45 percent of those with any mental disorder meet the criteria for being strongly related to having 2 or more disorders.1 Awareness of having a disorder is very uncommon in the U.S. DEFINED FUTURE PROBLEMS Behavioral health is a state of mental/emotional being and/or choices and actions that affect wellness. Substance abuse and misuse are one set of behavioral health problems. Others include, but are not limited to, serious psychological distress, suicide, and mental illness (4. SAMHSA, 2011). Many of these problems are far-reaching and take a toll on individuals, their families and communities, and the broader society. Research allows us to get a better picture of what the future looks like and what people need to be continuing to do and improve on. By looking over research, statistics predict that by 2020, mental and substance use disorders will exceed all physical diseases as a major cause of disability worldwide. The annual total estimated societal cost of substance abuse in the United States is $510.8 billion, with an estimated 23.5 million Americans aged 12 and older needing treatment for substance use. Along with that, every year almost 5,000 people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking and more than 34,000 Americans die every year as a result of suicide, almost one every 15 minutes. Also, Half of all lifetime cases of mental and substance use disorders begin by age 14 and three-fourths by age 24ââ¬âin 2008, an estimated 9.8 million adults in the U.S. had a serious mental illness. The health and wellness of individuals in America are jeopardized and the unnecessary costs to society flow across Americas communities, schools, businesses, prisons jails, and healthcare delivery systems. Many programs and services are working together to minimize the impact of substance abuse and mental illnesses on Americaââ¬â¢s communities. Many practitioners have a very deep understanding approach to behavioral health and perceive prevention as part of an overall continuum of care. The Behavioral Health Continuum of Care Model helps us recognize that there are multiple opportunities for addressing behavioral health problems and disorders based on the Mental Health Intervention Spectrum, first introduced in a 1994 Institute of Medicine report, the model includes these components: ( It is important to keep in mind that interventions do not always fit neatly into one category or another) * Promotion: These strategies are designed to create environments and conditions that support behavioral health and the ability of individuals to withstand challenges. Promotion strategies also reinforce the entire continuum of behavioral health services. * Prevention: Delivered prior to the onset of a disorder, these interventions are intended to prevent or reduce the risk of developing a behavioral health problem, such as underage alcohol use, prescription drug misuse and abuse, and illicit drug use. * Treatment: These services are for people diagnosed with a substance use or other behavioral health disorder. * Maintenance: These services support individualsââ¬â¢ compliance with long-term treatment and aftercare. Two strategies for promoting the more important and most effective openings in having access to mental and behavioral health services include providing education to reach the public, and the prevention and early intervention matters intertwining with the Continuum model components of treatment and maintenance. 7 The New Freedom Commission Report and Surgeon Generalââ¬â¢s Report both emphasized the importance of changing public attitudes to eliminate the stigma associated with mental illness. Advocates for the mentally ill identify stigma and discrimination as major impediments to treatment. Stigma prevents individuals from acknowledging these conditions and erodes public confidence that mental disorders are treatable. A plurality of Americans believe that mental illnesses are just like any other illness; however, 25 percent of survey respondents would not welcome into their neighborhoods facilities that treat or house people with mental illnesses, suggesting that some level of lingering stigma persists.8 Sixty-one percent of Americans think that people with schizophrenia are likely to be dangerous to others9 despite research suggesting that these individuals are rarely violent.10 With that being said, the media plays a large role in shaping how the youth think and behave from many of the messages kids receive from television, music, magazines, billboards, and the Internet use. However, the media can be used to encourage positive behaviors as well. Four evidence based communication and education prevention approaches are through public education, social marketing, media advocacy, and media literacy that can be used to ââ¬Å"influence community norms, increase public awareness, and attract community support for a variety of prevention issuesâ⬠(SAMHSA). Public education is usually the most common strategy and is an effective way to show support to the development and success of programs and increase awareness about new or existing laws, publicizing a community based program, and reinforce instruction taught in schools or community based organizations. Through social marketing, practitioners use advertising philosophies to change social norms and promote healthy behaviors. Social marketing campaigns do more than just provide information and tries to convince people to adopt a new behavior by showing them a benefit they will receive in return.11 Social marketing campaigns are being used in a variety of social services and public health settings. Media advocacy involves shaping the way social issues are discussed in the media to build support for changes in public policy. By working directly with local newspapers, television, and radio to change both the amount of coverage the media provide and the content of that coverage, media advocates hope to influence the way people talk and think about a social or public policy12. Media literacy is a newer communications strategy aimed at teaching young people critical-viewing skills. Media literacy programs teach kids how to analyze and understand the media messages they encounter so they can better understand what theyââ¬â¢re really being asked to do and think. Inferences about a program effectiveness relies on three things: (1) measures of key constructs, such as risk and protective factors or processes, symptoms, disorders, or other outcomes, and program implementation, fidelity, or participation; (2) a study design that determines which participants are being examined, how and when they will be assessed, and what interventions they will receive; and (3) statistical analyses that model how those given an intervention differ on outcomes compared with those in a comparison condition 19 In the past, practitioners and researchers saw substance abuse prevention different from the prevention of other behavioral health problems. But evidence indicates that the populations are significantly affected by these overlapping problems as well as factors that contribute to these problems. Therefore, improvements in one area usually have direct impacts on the other. According to the Substance Abuse and National Health Services Administration, not all people or populations are at the same risk of developing behavioral health problems. Many young people have more than one behavioral disorder. These disorders can interact and contribute to the presence of other disorders. Besides extensive research documenting strong relations between multiple problems, itââ¬â¢s not always clear what leads to what. Mental and physical health is also connected. Good mental health often contributes to good physical health. In the same way, the presence of mental health disorders, including substance abuse and dependence, is often associated with physical health disorders as well (OConnell, 2009). One major advancement that has been recently made is from The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, adding a new search feature to its National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP) Web site. The feature allows users to identify NREPP interventions that have been evaluated in comparative effectiveness research studies. Both the Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress have championed additional investments in comparative effectiveness research to enhance public understanding about which healthcare interventions are most effective in different circumstances and with different patients. The new NREPP feature can provide added information for States and communities seeking to determine which mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment interventions may best address their needs. The Surgeon Generalââ¬â¢s notes that ââ¬Å"effective interventions help people to understand that mental disorders are not character flaws but are legitimate illnesses that respond to specific treatments, just as other health conditions respond to medical interventions.â⬠(7) The two major influences that are targeted upon are risk and protective factors. According to SAMHSAs levels of risk and interventions, some risk factors are causal; others act as ââ¬Å"proxiesâ⬠, or markers of an underlying problem. Some risk and protective factors, such as gender and ethnicity, are fixed, meaning they donââ¬â¢t change over time. Other risk and protective factors are considered variable: these can change over time. Variable risk factors include income level, peer group, and employment status. Many factors influence a personââ¬â¢s likeliness to develop a substance abuse or related behavioral health problem. Effective prevention focuses on reducing those risk factors, and str engthening those protective factors, that are most closely related to the problem being addressed. Taken into consideration that preventive interventions are most effective when they are appropriately matched to their target populationââ¬â¢s level of risk, The Institute of Medicine defines three broad types of prevention interventions, universal, selective, and indicated. Universal preventive interventions take the broadest approach, targeting ââ¬Å"the general public or a whole population that has not been identified on the basis of individual riskâ⬠(OConnell, 2009). Universal prevention interventions might target schools, whole communities, or workplaces. Selective preventive interventions target ââ¬Å"individuals or a population sub-group whose risk of developing mental disorders [or substance abuse disorders] is significantly higher than averageâ⬠, prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (5. OConnell, 2009). Selective interventions target biological, psychological, or social risk factors that are more prominent among high-risk groups than among the wider population. Indicated preventive interventions target ââ¬Å"high-risk individuals who are identified as having minimal but detectable signs or symptoms foreshadowing mental, emotional, or behavioral disorderâ⬠prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (6. IOM, 2009). Interventions focus on the immediate risk and protective factors present in the environments surrounding individuals. A more harsher or serious way of approaching prevention is through policy adoption and enforcement. Policy can be broadly defined as ââ¬Å"standards for behavior that are formalized to some degree (that is, written) and embodied in rules, regulations, and procedures.â⬠13 In order to work, these standards must reflect the accepted norms and intentions of a particular community. There are six major types of policy SAMHSA uses to prevent alcohol and other drug use through economic policies, restrictions on access and availability, restrictions on location and density, deterrence, restricting use, and limiting the marketing of alcohol products. Policy can be an effective prevention strategyââ¬âas long as the laws and regulations you put in place are consistent with community norms and beliefs about the ââ¬Å"rightnessâ⬠or ââ¬Å"wrongnessâ⬠of the behavior you want to legislate14. ââ¬Å"The key to effective enforcement is visibility: People need to see that substance use prevention is a community priority and that violations of related laws and regulations will not be tolerated.â⬠6 Strategies that we use today for Enforcement are through surveillance, community policing, having incentives, and penalties, fines, and detentions. There have been many areas of progress in preventive intervention research since the 1994 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Experimental research has greatly improved mainly due to the advances in the methodological approaches applied to intervention research. For a range of outcomes, while the different types of intervention research has increased, so has the number of studies providing economic analyses in the costs and benefits of these interventions. As the 2001 U.S. Surgeon Generalââ¬â¢s report on childrenââ¬â¢s mental health indicated, there is a current need for improved and expanded mental health services for children and adolescents (15). There is a greater need for greater access to a variety of mental health services for children including both medication for emotional or behavioral difficulties and treatments other than medication. Recent research studies have documented the increased use of psychotropic medications (16). Less is known, though, about the use of nonmedication treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of U.S. children. These treatments may include community-based services such as behavioral and family therapy provided by mental health professionals in clinic and office settings and school-based services such as assessments of mental health problems, individual counseling, and crisis intervention services for students (17,18). With the information collected by the mental health service questions in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), it will be possible to monitor future trends in the use of both medication and other treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of children. Recommended changes by the Surgeon General include: â⬠¢ improve geographic access; â⬠¢ integrate mental health and primary care; â⬠¢ ensure language access; â⬠¢ coordinate and integrate mental health services for high-need populations. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001) 1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27. 2. U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates by Demographic Characteristics. Table 2: Annual Estimates of the Population by Selected Age Groups and Sex for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004 (NC-EST2004-02) Source: Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau Release Date: June 9, 2005. http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ 3. The World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update, Table A2: Burden of disease in DALYs by cause, sex and income group in WHO regions, estimates for 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_AnnexA.pdf. 4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Leading change: A plan for SAMHSAââ¬â¢s roles and actions 2011-2014. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. 5. Oââ¬â¢Connell, M. E., Boat, T., Warner, K. E. (Eds.). (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 6. Compton, M. T. (2009). Clinical Manual of Prevention in Mental Health (1st ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 7.. U.S. DHHS. 1999. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. 8. Pescosolido, B. et al. 2000.Americansââ¬â¢ Views of Mental Health and Illness at the Centuryââ¬â¢s End: Continuity and Change. Public Report on the MacArthur Mental Health Module, 1996 General Social Survey. Bloomington, Indiana. 9. Steadman, H.J. et al. 1998.Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (5): 393ââ¬â401. 10. Borinstein,A.B. 1992. Public Attitudes Toward Persons with Mental Illness. Health Affairs 11 (3): 186ââ¬â96. 11. Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. (1989). Social marketing: Strategies for changing pubic behavior. New York: Free Press. 12. Wallack, L., Dorfman, L., Jernigan, D., and Themba, M. (1993). Media advocacy and public health: Power for prevention. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 13. Bruner, C. and Chavez, M. (1996). Getting to the grassroots: Neighborhood organizing and mobilization. Des Moines, IA: NCSI Clearinghouse. CSAP Community Partnerships (unpublished document). 14. Bruner, C. (1991). Thinking collaboratively: Ten questions and answers to help policy makers improve childrenââ¬â¢s services. Washington, DC: Education and Human Services Consortium 15. U.S. Public Health Service. Report of the Surgeon Generalââ¬â¢s Conference on Childrenââ¬â¢s Mental Health: A National Action Agenda. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. 2000. 16. Martin A, Leslie D. Trends in psychotropic medication costs for children and adolescents, 1997ââ¬â2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 157:997ââ¬â1004. 2003. 17. Steele RG, Roberts MC (Eds.). Handbook of mental health services for children, adolescents, and families. New York: Springer, 2005. 18. Foster S, Rollefson M, Doksum T, Noonan D, Robinson G, Teich J. School Mental Health Services in the United States, 2002ââ¬â2003. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 05ââ¬â4068. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005 19. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 10 Advances in Prevention Methodology. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-32828354781298045532020-01-20T19:48:00.001-08:002020-01-20T19:48:03.512-08:00Essay -- Chris Layton 12 September 2013 Block 1 Rough Draft Drugs & Athletes During the advancement of technology, athletes have been able to get powerful drugs that help them during physical activity. These drugs are also banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). They use these drugs to give them a competitive edge to keep up with the competition. Some athletes have distinctive trait that some do not like having a gene that helps them perform like the ACE gene helps perform in long distance events. Other athletes that compete have to use performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) to be able to keep up with them and have a chance to win. Performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs have been used since ancient times. The use of enhancement substances for sporting events dates back to the ancient Greeks and ancient Maya. () Performance potions were utilized by the Greeks to increase their abilities and cocoa leaves were thought to be used by ancient Maya. () Today, athletes will go to many lengths to increase athletic ability, including: steroids, HGH, Amphetamines, and even animal or human organs just as the Greeks did in their time. () The most common performance enhancing drugs or treatment is blood doping, stimulants, human growth hormone (HGH), and anabolic steroids. Stimulants are a generic term to describe various substances that are ingested by athletes into the human body for the purpose of increasing alertness or general physical performance. Common stimulants that have been typically utilized by athletes in various disciplines are caffeine, amphetamines, a... ...drugs and go suspended for one and a half seasons. Performance enhancing drugs are not worth all the problems they can cause and definitely not worth your fans losing respect for you because theyââ¬â¢re the ones who support you throughout your years. Overall, the negative effects of PEDââ¬â¢s overweigh the positive effects of the use and abuse of them. The head of sports made the right move to ban, performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs granted give you an edge over your competitor, but later in life you will regret using them because itââ¬â¢s effects will still be there rather youââ¬â¢re still on them or not. The World Anti-Doping Agency made the right move to ban all substances that harm yourself. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-68925968317585014822020-01-12T16:12:00.001-08:002020-01-12T16:12:03.153-08:00Comparison Between Joe Keller and Willy Loman EssayDeath of a Salesman and All of My Sons, two different plays written by distinguished playwright Arthur Miller, yet the two main characters Joe Keller and Willy Loman are notably identical to one another. Although both are not faced with similar situations, both Keller and Loman handle their situations with an ignorant and shallow mindset towards the world. Keller and Loman have significant tragic flaws which ultimately lead to their demise. Both characters are unable to accept reality the way others are capable of, the ââ¬Å"American dreamâ⬠has been corrupted and misinterpreted in their feeble minds, and abandonment has plagued them throughout their lives. The ââ¬Å"American dreamâ⬠seems to play a monumental role in distinguishing what is essential to be successful. Joe Keller believes that his son, Chris, deserves the business he built from the ground, up and does absolutely everything in his power to ensure that Chris will obtain Joeââ¬â¢s business. In Joeââ¬â¢s eyes, risking the lives of soldiers, making an abomination out of his former ââ¬Å"best friendâ⬠, and separating a family in order to keep his business running smoothly is deemed more worthy than doing the right thing. Joe feels that he has done the right thing because he carried out these actions for his family. Willy Lomanââ¬â¢s interpretation of the ââ¬Å"American dreamâ⬠is a tad bit more extravagant; Willy believes that the key to success is a matter of whether a person is well-liked or not. Throughout the course of his professional career as a salesman, Willy constantly concocts lies stating how he is well-liked all over the Northeast, as well as his weekly salary. Willy also tried to bring the dream upon his son Biff. While Willyââ¬â¢s son Biff was a student in high school, Willy continuously fed Biff these fantasies that one day, Biff would become a great football player. Willy preferred brawn over brains in Biff. Willy was unable to live the American dream and thus ventured on through Biff vicariously. When Biff decided not to finish summer school and then explore new endeavors out west, Willy began to grow furious with Biff because he was unable to hover over Biff and ââ¬Å"leadâ⬠him toward success. In All of My Sons, Joe Keller is unable to perceive reality with his involvement in the busted airplane heads which led to the death of twenty-one soldiers of the Air Force. We the readers notice that the lie Joe tells to others has been so commonly practiced that itââ¬â¢s no longer a fabrication of Joeââ¬â¢s imagination, but in his opinion, the genuine truth. Joe becomes obsessive over Chris inheritance of Joeââ¬â¢s business and it seems as though he does this so that in the event that someone reveals the truth to Chris, there is no possible way that Chris could be ashamed after what his father did for him. Unfortunately for Joe, the truth is revealed too soon and Chris no longer is willing to follow in his fatherââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"murderousâ⬠footsteps; instead Chris is enraged by his fatherââ¬â¢s past actions and vows to either turn his father in or kill him. Willy Loman is beaten down by his failure of him and his son to live up to his expectations. Unlike Joe, Willyââ¬â¢s altered perception of reality conflicts with his everyday life. He is over exhausted and constantly has flashbacks which deceive Willyââ¬â¢s perception of reality. His flashbacks usually consist of Willyââ¬â¢s overbearing confidence in Biffââ¬â¢s future. Willy also has flashbacks where his successful brother shows up. To stack himself up against his brotherââ¬â¢s success, Willy lies about how his business is prospering and how he nearly at the top of the metaphorical food chain in the sales world. In reality however, Willy is a struggling business man who barely makes ends meet. He needs to ask his friend Charley for money just to pay bills and make it seem like he is still making money so he is not a failure in the eyes of others. Willy resorts to these flashbacks when he faces adversity or when things are no longer in his control. Another common theme that leads to both characters fatal demise is their life of abandonment. Joe Keller faced abandonment from his sons Chris and Larry. Chris stood by Joe until he figured out Joeââ¬â¢s lies and mishandling of his business. Joe caused the death of twenty-one other soldiers to Chris and Joe could not be forgiven. Chris abandoned him and was even willing to let Joe rot in prison for the rest of his life. Larry, although now deceased, also abandoned Joe. After hearing news that Joeââ¬â¢s business was responsible for the deaths of his comrades in the Air Force, Larry decided to take his own life because he could not bear the fact that his father had done such a terrible thing. Chris read Larryââ¬â¢s suicide note to his father and this ultimately lead to Joe finally succumbing to all the pressure around him and forced him to end his life. Joeââ¬â¢s mistakes led to those around him abandoning him in the end, even though he did everything in his power to keep his loved ones surrounding him. Willy Lomanââ¬â¢s whole life was masked by abandonment. Willy grew up without ever really knowing his father, his brother and role model could care less if Willy were to rot in Hell, and most importantly to him, his sons seem to be embarrassed by him and refuse to stand by him through all of his troubles. Also his boss, Howard, fires Willy when Willy is no longer of use to him and can no longer contribute positively towards the sales company. When at the restaurant, Willyââ¬â¢s son Happy goes as far as to say that Willy is not his father when trying to ââ¬Å"pick upâ⬠a bunch of girls to later sleep with. Biff abandonââ¬â¢s Willy in the sense that Willy is trying to escape reality and that Willy is not extraordinary, but merely ordinary. Willy, with all his loved ones no longer standing by his side, decides to end his life and make one final attempt at fulfilling the American Dream by collecting life insurance to help support Biff start up a business that Biff is unwilling to succeed in. Both Joe Keller and Willy Loman were both the typical, hard working Americans. Unfortunately for them, they both contracted horrific tragic flaws which the common person can relate to. Their incapability to properly perceive reality, their misinterpretation of the American Dream, and the constant abandonment they had encountered ultimately led to their own demise. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-1482809778233342142020-01-04T12:36:00.001-08:002020-01-04T12:36:02.711-08:00What Is the Boltzmann Brains Hypothesis Boltzmann brains is a theoretical prediction of Boltzmanns explanation about the thermodynamic arrow of time. Though Ludwig Boltzmann himself never discussed this concept, they came about when cosmologists applied his ideas about random fluctuations to understand the universe as a whole. Boltzmann Brain Background Ludwig Boltzmann was one of the founders of the field of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century. One of the key concepts was the second law of thermodynamics, which says that the entropy of a closed system always increases. Since the universe is a closed system, we would expect the entropy to increase over time. This means that, given enough time, the most likely state of the universe is one where everything is the in thermodynamic equilibrium, but we clearly dont exist in a universe of this type since, after all, there is order all around us in various forms, not the least of which is the fact that we exist. With this in mind, we can apply the anthropic principle to inform our reasoning by taking into account that we do, in fact, exist. Here the logic gets a little confusing, so were going to borrow the words from a couple of more detailed looks at the situation. As described by cosmologist Sean Carroll in From Eternity to Here: Boltzmann invoked the anthropic principle (although he didnt call it that) to explain why we wouldnt find ourselves in one of the very common equilibrium phases: In equilibrium, life cannot exist. Clearly, what we want to do is find the most common conditions within such a universe that are hospitable to life. Or, if we want to be more careful, perhaps we should look for conditions that are not only hospitable to life, but hospitable to the particular kind of intelligent and self-aware life that we like to think we are....We can take this logic to its ultimate conclusion. If what we want is a single planet, we certainly dont need a hundred billion galaxies with a hundred billion stars each. And if what we want is a single person, we certainly dont need an entire planet. But if in fact what we want is a single intelligence, able to think about the world, we dont even need an entire person--we just need his or her brain.So the reductio ad absurdum of this scenario is that the overwhelm ing majority of intelligences in this multiverse will be lonely, disembodied brains, who fluctuate gradually out of the surrounding chaos and then gradually dissolve back into it. Such sad creatures have been dubbed Boltzmann brains by Andreas Albrecht and Lorenzo Sorbo.... In a 2004 paper, Albrecht and Sorbo discussed Boltzmann brains in their essay: A century ago Boltzmann considered a ââ¬Å"cosmologyâ⬠where the observed universe should be regarded as a rare ï ¬âuctuation out of some equilibrium state. The prediction of this point of view, quite generically, is that we live in a universe which maximizes the total entropy of the system consistent with existing observations. Other universes simply occur as much more rare ï ¬âuctuations. This means as much as possible of the system should be found in equilibrium as often as possible.From this point of view, it is very surprising that we ï ¬ nd the universe around us in such a low entropy state. In fact, the logical conclusion of this line of reasoning is utterly solipsistic. The most likely ï ¬âuctuation consistent with everything you know is simply your brain (complete with ââ¬Å"memoriesâ⬠of the Hubble Deep ï ¬ elds, WMAP data, etc) ï ¬âuctuating brieï ¬ây out of chaos and then immediately equilibrating back into chaos again. This is sometimes cal led the ââ¬Å"Boltzmannââ¬â¢s Brainâ⬠paradox. The point of these descriptions is not to suggest that Boltzmann brains actually exist. Sort of like the Schroedingers cat thought experiment, the point of this sort of thought experiment is to stretch things to their most extreme conclusion, as a means of showing the potential limitations and flaws of this way of thinking. The theoretical existence of Boltzmann brains allow you to use them rhetorically as an example of something absurd to manifest out of thermodynamic fluctuations, as when Carroll says There will be random fluctuations in the thermal radiation that lead to all sorts of unlikely events--including the spontaneous generation of galaxies, planets, and Boltzmann brains. Now that you understand Boltzmann brains as a concept, though, you have to proceed a bit to understanding the Boltzmann brain paradox that is caused by applying this thinking to this absurd degree. Again, as formulated by Carroll: Why do we find ourselves in a universe evolving gradually from a state of incredibly low entropy, rather than being isolated creatures that recently fluctuated from the surrounding chaos? Unfortunately, there is no clear explanation to resolve this ... thus why its still classified as a paradox. Carrolls book focuses on trying to resolve the questions it brings up about entropy in the universe and the cosmological arrow of time. Popular Culture and Boltzmann Brains Amusingly, Boltzmann Brains made it into popular culture in a couple of different ways. They showed up as a quick joke in a Dilbert comic and as the alien invader in a copy of The Incredible Hercules. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-59657434792843068562019-12-27T09:02:00.001-08:002019-12-27T09:02:02.474-08:00Appalachian Bible College ACT Scores, Graduation Rate Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-31696217159159492712019-12-19T04:50:00.001-08:002019-12-19T04:50:04.491-08:00The Spread Of Infectious Disease - 1072 Words Globalization has introduced a dramatic increase in the movement of people, food, and manufactured goods. However, these increases have also lead to the exposure and spread of infectious diseases, negatively impacting the quality of global public health. While theoretically reducing this movement could reduce the spread of infectious diseases, there are many options that can be taken into consideration. Before we can begin to explore solutions to control the spread of infectious disease, we must consider what it is that actually contributes to its spread. The four most important concerns in recent years have been HIVAIDS, Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Malaria. The first two diseases are a cause of global concern due to its widespread exposure. The latter are a resulting problem of underdeveloped and poorer nations, which directly implies that globalization can actually help reduce these infections. Underdeveloped nations suffer from several problems that contribute to the spread of these diseases. Limited access to adequate public health systems are one of many troubling issues. Furthermore, these limitations can only accelerate the breakdown of the health system, Africa demonstrates an example of this vicious cycle. Spread of disease can trigger political instability, infected government officials or military leaders can straing economic resources, instill military coups, and lead to violent regime transitions, all of which can make it much more difficult to dedicateShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery of Vaccines Prevented The Spread of Infectious Diseases1342 Words à |à 6 PagesThe discovery of vaccines prevented the spread of infectious diseases around the world. Vaccines control the spread of diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, and the flu. In addition, vaccines increase the overall health of not only individuals, but of populations. Although these benefits prove effective on the world wide scale, the requirement of vaccinations of children to enter the public school system remains a current public health concern. 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Examples of these infectious diseases that became widespread due to globalization include: the Bubonic Plague, M easlesRead MoreIn The World Right Now There Are Over 7 Billion Human Beings1381 Words à |à 6 Pagesother humans mean that they are safe from diseases that can possibly kill them? Living in close proximity with other human beings may have its benefits in terms of communication, trade and comfort. But some features of human societies may lead to an enhanced risk of a super infectious disease spreading and ultimately killing them. There are many aspects in which infectious diseases may spread. Some may be subtle or some may be direct. Many new infectious diseases arise and are become a big problem asRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Infectious Diseases881 Words à |à 4 PagesEliminating Infectious Disease Infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are transmitted from one another by contact, bodily fluids, or contaminated air, food, or water supply. The diseases make up one-fourth to one-third of worldwide deaths annually and are a major threat to human health. It was believed that vaccines, antibiotics, and public health had effectively eliminated the threat of infectious disease. Because of the belief that infectious diseases were a thing of the pastRead MoreMajor Features Of Modern Society1562 Words à |à 7 PagesTopic B: New Diseases There are currently many features of modern society that increase ours risk for the development and spread of new infectious diseases, these include such diseases as lymes Disease, West Nile Virus, Staph. Aures (MRSA) and many other new and remerging infectious diseases. In modern society the main issues that are faced include such things as the density of the population, the increased resistance to current antibiotics and antibacterial agent, changing biodiversity, climate Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-62945208422256823842019-12-11T01:33:00.001-08:002019-12-11T01:33:02.703-08:00The Law of Contract Mike and Bob Question: Discuss about the The Law of Contract Mike and Bob. Answer: Issue The issue in first case is to determine whether there is a contract formed between Mike and Bob. The issue in second case is to comment whether Bob and Tom have entered into legal relation or not. The issue in third case is to comment whether there is a lawful consideration present between the parties and if bob is legally responsible to extend the computer to Steve or not. The issue in the fourth case is comment whether there is a contract formed between Mary and Bob on the account of unilateral mistake and to forward a legal advice to Bob regarding his contractual liabilities. Law Individual who directs an offer is termed as offeror and the person who receives it is termed as offeree. In order to bring about validation of the acceptance, the offeree needs to make an unconditional acceptance (Richard, 2003). When the offeree has sent any conditional acceptance against the offer, then it is called as counter offer. The drawback of sending a counter offer is that it terminates the original offers as per the verdict of Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 case. It means, the offeree cannot accept the original offer after extending the counter offer and no contract would be formed based on the revoked offer (Andrews, 2011). The witness of this understanding is Normile v Miller, 326 .S.E. 2nd 11(1985) case. An offer would be enforceable when it was successfully accepted on behalf of offeree. When unconditional acceptance has been sent on behalf of offeree through postal media, then at that moment contract is formed and it becomes enforceable. Further, according to the judgment made in Dickinson v. Dodds(1876) 2 Ch.D. 463 case, if the offeror aims to cancel the offer, then it is essential that he must inform the offeree before the offer gets accepted on the part of offeree (McKendrick, 2003). Further if the offeree has accepted and sent acceptance via post then the acceptance is enforceable at the moment the acceptance letter leaves the offeree and then the offeror cannot cancel the offer and an enforceable contract has been formed between the parties as given in the verdict of Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 25 case (Peel, 2008). According to contract law, parties cannot form a contract based on past consideration. It is noteworthy that any previous act, promise or favour would not be held legally valid to use for contract enactment. The above understanding has been highlighted in Re McArdle (1951)case (Carter, 2012). The principle of doctrine of promissory estoppel protects the rights of innocent party who has mainly conducted work while relying on the promise made by the promisor. According to the verdict of Waltons Stores Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387 case, when parties do not want to enter into contract but due to any mistake on the part of promiser an acceptance is made for offeree, then also the parties are legally bound to complete the contractual obligations(Andrews, 2011). Application Offeror Mike has extended an offer to buy laptop from Bob. He has stated in the offer that $300 would be the price of laptop including GST.Bob the offeree has made an acceptance that amount $300 would not include GST and communicated the same to Mike. This conditional acceptance would result in counter offer against the initial offer. Therefore, the initial offer also gets revoked and hence, the offer is no more valid for acceptance to offeree. Any acceptance on behalf of Bob with respect to initial offer would not be considered a legal acceptance because the initial offer does not exist. Hence, there is no liability on behalf of Mike to pay the amount or accept the delivery because no contract has been enacted between them. On January 10, Bob made an offer to buy hard drives from Tom and the offer had been accepted on behalf of offeree Tom. In regards to communicate the acceptance, Tom had used postal media and sent the acceptance on January 12. It is apparent that acceptance is unconditional and legal. This means the acceptance resulted in contract formation at the time when Tom has posted the letter. Further, Bob cannot cancel the offer after the enforceability of acceptance. Hence, a valid contract has formed between Bob and Tom and Bob is legally bound to complete the contractual duties. Steve has performed a favour to Bob by taking care of Bobs cat when Bob was out of town. After that, when Bob has returned home, Steve asked him to issue a new computer. Bob agreed to issue computer to him because he had kept the cat on behalf of Bob. However, Bob denies issuing the computer. In this case, for performing the present act, they are referring to a past favour which leads to a past consideration. Therefore, no contract would be formed between them on the account of past consideration. Mary offers a letter to Bob about the van which Bob does not want to buy. However, he has mistakenly signed the letter and same has been faxed to Mike. Both Mary and Bob were not aware about the mistake. Mary has received the letter and on relying on Bobs promise, she has ordered another van and delivered the available van to Bob. In this case, the innocent party Mary has the rights to ask Bob to complete the promise or she can claim for damages under the provisions of doctrine of promissory estoppel. Conclusion 1st case: There would be no contract enacted between Bob and Mike because Bob has extended a counter offer against the original offer which resulted in termination of initial offer. 2nd case: A valid enforceable contract has been formed between Bob and Tom because Tom has sent the legal acceptance to Bob that resulted in contract formation. 3rd case: Past consideration cannot be used to enter into a present contract and thus, no contract would be formed between Steve and Bob. Hence, Bob is not legally binding to extend the computer to Steve. 4th case: Due to the applicability of doctrine of promissory estoppel, Bob has entered into contractual relation with Mary and thus, liable to complete the contractual duties. Referencs Andrews, Neil, (2011). Contract Law (3rded.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carter, J. (2012). Contract Act in Australia (3rded.). Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. McKendrick, E. (2003). Contract Law (5thed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave. Peel, E. (2008). The Law of Contract (7thed.). London: Thompson. Richard, S. (2003). The Modern Law of Contract (5thed.). London: Cavendish. Case Law Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D. 463 Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 25 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-13356218976124148452019-12-03T13:14:00.001-08:002019-12-03T13:14:03.458-08:00Mary Shelleys Use of Subtitles in Frankenstein free essay sample Mary Shelleys notion of beginning Frakenstein came out to be greater than just an evenings amusement as a horrifying story. It probed many socio-political context of the prevalent society and also probed many hidden female voices even though all the female characters are under a silent garb. The title itself speaks volumes about the text which is to follow;multiplicity which is reverberated throughout,which is highly seen in its inter-texuality feature a prominent gothic element. The subtitle modern prometheus in a sense links the old greek myth to the modern world or is trying to give a new comparitive picture to the modern world. As the legend has it,Titan created humankind out of mud and water and then he dared to steal the fires from God for the benifit of humankind. He was punished by an anry zeus. By adding the word modern before it, Mary Shelley is puting forth comparison ofthe two. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Shelleys Use of Subtitles in Frankenstein or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According t the Romantics,Prometheus was a hero both in his capacity as a creator and a rebel, Mary shelley would have been well acquainted with this idea, one the greatest romantics of the age,was married to her. So in a sense the act of Prometheus can also be celebrated for having the courage to steal the fire from gods,for the benifit of humanity. This juxtaposition on the title page is seen to be in action throughout the novel. Other than this , it also carries an epigraph from miltons much celebrated work paradise lost. he quoted words invites intertextual analysis and echo a questioning voice, which is another repeated trope in the novel. The anguished and questioning voice of the fallen adam to the highest authority, though he is in no sense defying it like prometheus but it mirrors the questions putup by the creature to his creator. So in a view creator is also criticised for the creation he created irresponsibly. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-33665265820530448772019-11-27T15:17:00.001-08:002019-11-27T15:17:03.337-08:00Clinton Vs. Lazio Essays - Politics Of The United States Clinton Vs. Lazio Many of the upcoming November elections this year create much friction and competition between the candidates. The New York State Senate race between Hillary Clinton and Rick Lazio has proved to very close and heated. eEach candidate has strong views on issues and puts up a good debate about each one. Hillary Clinton is the Democrat and Rick Lazio is the Republican in this election. This is a very close race and the winner will determine many of New York's views on future issues. Hillary Clinton, never having a legislative record, has been the First Lady to the President for 8 years. Clinton has been a resident of New York State for only a few months previous to the time she began running for office. Clinton is challenged by her opponent because radio and television ads seem to turn the public against Clinton. This is an example of Lazio criticizing her because of his negatively directed ads towards Clinton. Because Clinton has never been involved in a legislature before, she has no voting record. This could prove to be a disadvantage for Clinton because voters cannot see what she has previously supported. Hillary has an advantage in the election because the New York Times endorsed her. Being the most prominent newspaper in New York, this is a sign of success as the last two politicians endorsed by the NYT have won their elections. Another disadvantage that Clinton has is that she is not a born New York citizen. She has been ?carpetbagging?, or buying propert y in a state just so she can run for office in the state. Hillary takes a firm stand on many of the issues facing New York State and the Congress today. Hillary Clinton's views on abortion are that she supports the Roe vs. Wade ruling. This act was passed in 1973 when the US Supreme Court legalized abortion. She would vote to ban late-term abortion, unless the mother or child was threatened by the birth. Clinton would reject Supreme Court jurors who are opposed to abortion rights. Hillary also agrees with federal funds spent on abortions at military hospitals. Hillary acknowledges the competition between her and Lazio by retaliating to a comment he made by saying, ?My opponent [Lazio] is wrong. I have said many times that I can support a ban on late term abortion including partial-birth abortions, so long as the health and life of the mother is protected?. Clinton states this at a Senate Debate in Manhattan on October 8, 2000. Another issue that Hillary has brought up is her support ing of the death penalty, involved with capital punishment. Clinton also consents counsel and forensics testing for death row defendants. In addition to these issues, Clinton is opposed to a constitutional amendment banning flag desecration, or the burning of flags. Hillary supports a number of other issues, including smaller classrooms, and more federal funds towards the hiring of new teachers and school construction. Clinton supports the importing of cheaper prescription drugs from Canada and the ability to sue HMO's. Also, Hillary's tax plan shows an increasing number of tax dollars going towards high-speed Internet access and high tech research. As stated, Hillary has quite a few views on certain issues facing the nation., Rick Lazio, Clinton's Republican opponent, is putting up a good fight for a NYS Senate position. As Lazio states in the Republican Convention on May 30, 2000 in Buffalo, ?I begin this race with no illusions. I am the underdog in this race. My opponent is better financed and better known?but as I've said before: ?bring ?em on'?I have one advantage she will never have?I am a New Yorker?. Lazio opens his campaign here with brutal honesty about his place in the election. Clinton challenges him with her money and power, but he overcomes this by equalizing himself to her by stating his state of residency, New York. Lazio proclaims his advantages by saying, ?I have a solid, pro-NY voting record. I have a legislative record to stand on- unlike my opponent?. Lazio's former legislative record has not strayed far from the issues he is against and supports in the upcoming election. He steadily remains a Republican through the issues Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-19600575858949772492019-11-23T22:51:00.001-08:002019-11-23T22:51:04.291-08:00History of Rockets and Space Travel InnovationsHistory of Rockets and Space Travel Innovations The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rockets. The rocket apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in 1232 AD for fighting off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu. The lineage to the immensely larger rockets now used as space launch vehicles is unmistakable. But for centuries rockets were in the main rather small, and their use was confined principally to weaponry, the projection of lifelines in sea rescue, signaling, and fireworks displays. Not until the 20th century did a clear understanding of the principles of rockets emerge, and only then did the technology of large rockets begin to evolve. Thus, as far as spaceflight and space science are concerned, the story of rockets up to the beginning of the 20th century was largely a prologue. Early Experiments All through the 13th to the 18th ââ¬â¹Century, there were reports of many rocket experiments. For example, Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire. In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published a series of drawings for a staged rocket. In 1696, Robert Anderson, an Englishman, published a two-part treatise on how to make rocket molds, prepare the propellants, and perform the calculations. Sir William Congreve During the early introduction of rockets to Europe, they were used only as weapons. Enemy troops in India repulsed the British with rockets. Later in Britain, Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet. The British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the rockets red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States. William Congreves incendiary rocket used black powder, an iron case, and a 16-foot guide stick. Congreve had used a 16-foot guide stick to help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War. During the 19th century, rocket enthusiasts and inventors began to appear in almost every country. Some people thought these early rocket pioneers were geniuses, and others thought they were crazy. Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in Paris, apparently rocketed small animals into space as early as 1806. The payloads were recovered by parachute. As far back as 1821, sailors hunted whales using rocket-propelled harpoons. These rocket harpoons were launched from a shoulder-held tube equipped with a circular blast shield. Reaching for the Stars By the end of the 19th century, soldiers, sailors, practical and not so practical inventors had developed a stake in rocketry. Skillful theorists, like Konstantian Tsiolkovsky in Russia, were examining the fundamental scientific theories behind rocketry. They were beginning to consider the possibility of space travel. Four persons were particularly significant in the transition from the small rockets of the 19th century to the colossi of the space age: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Robert Goddard in the United States, and Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun in Germany. Rocket Staging and Technology Early rockets had a single engine, on which it rose until it ran out of fuel. A better way to achieve great speed, however, is to place a small rocket on top of a big one and fire it after the first has burned out. The US army, which after the war used captured V-2s for experimental flights into the high atmosphere, replaced the payload with another rocket, in this case, a WAC Corporal, which was launched from the top of the orbit. Now the burned-out V-2, weighing 3 tons, could be dropped and using the smaller rocket, the payload reached a much higher altitude. Today of course almost every space rocket uses several stages, dropping each empty burned-out stage and continuing with a smaller and lighter booster. Explorer 1, the first artificial satellite of the US which was launched in January 1958, used a 4-stage rocket. Even the space shuttle uses two large solid-fuel boosters which are dropped after they burn out. Chinese Fireworks Developed in the second century BCE, by the ancient Chinese,à fireworksà are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic model of a rocket. Preluding the liquid-fueled rocket,à solid propellantà rockets began with contributions to the field by such scientists as Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve. Although currently in a further advanced state, solid propellant rockets remain in widespread use today, as seen in rockets including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages.à Liquid fueledà rockets were first theorized by Tsiolkozski in 1896. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-44455221391698853092019-11-21T06:01:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:01:17.025-08:00Does learning and development contribute to organisational success and EssayDoes learning and development contribute to organisational success and performance management - Essay Example While all three fields are usually held to be one and the same, practitioners instead view them separately (Garavan, Costeen and Heraty 1995). The field of training and development is said to have people taking on roles analogous to those found in the business world (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2004). Senior managers take on the role of sponsors; business planners, meanwhile, are analogous to clients. The term ââ¬Ëparticipantsââ¬â¢ alludes to the trainees themselves and finally, the HRM staff are said to be facilitators. Naturally, each of these groups will have their own agendas and ideas as to how best to go about the process, which may or may not come into conflict with each other. The most common instance is the conflict that often occurs between employees and bosses, and is the #1 reason for people quitting their jobs. As Dr. John Hoover (2003) explains, bosses are not perfect, and it is sometimes the case that their competence is matched or even exceeded by one of their subordinates. In such a case, pride must be swallowed if a healthy working relationship is to be maintained; as Hoover puts it, raw talent, knowledge and skill are rarely if ever more important than getting along well with oneââ¬â¢s co-workers. This makes it necessary that people skills be part of the employeesââ¬â¢ training regimen. Bob Hamilton (2009) of Articlesbase stresses training and development as one of the most important things any business owner must keep in mind. Specifically, he says, this is something vital both for high-ranking executives and lower-level managers alike. It is recommended that the employees all have a good grasp of what their work entails. They need to understand what their duties and responsibilities are, and to have the skills necessary to carry these out as efficiently as possible. Giving them a guided tour of the facilities may help in this regard, as will a straightforward Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-52731755308573967262019-11-20T05:28:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:28:04.586-08:00Assessment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1Assessment 3 - Essay Example Both sets of findings were evaluated using perceptual maps. High taste will reflect the high quality and high entertainment is intended to serve as an excitement factor besides communicability to help maintain high customer satisfaction. Initially, the likely early adopters will be targeted specifically to ensure a successful start. Their traits are also identified in the report, and the brand name is justified. Recommendations are then given to address a number of possible issues that may arise and in anticipation of opportunities for learning. This report details the business launch strategy for the product identified in assessment 2 collectively referred to by the Conversations brand name. The ideas gathered earlier are now developed into a virtual product ready for launching. The aim is to have an enhanced understanding of all the elements necessary to make the launch successful and to ensure that this success transpires. This strategy could have been approached by means of a product launch checklist but this does not always prove to be effective (Daniels, n.d.). Therefore the goals, readiness and constraints are presented in the form of this report. In consideration are the areas (in terms of product qualities) in which demand can most likely be created, the potential competitive advantage, the target market, and suitable product characteristics. The positioning statement is also defined, and the chosen brand name is justified. The following areas are therefore covered in this report: Recommendations are also made to deal with possible problems arising. The detailed planning could then ease the task of strategic marketing to ensure the launch is successful and that Conversations becomes a well-established brand in Australia. The marketing strategy usually poses the most significant challenge for all types of companies (Jain & Haley, 2009: 27), so the usefulness of this report extends beyond simply Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-596885609910899762019-11-17T17:59:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:59:07.213-08:00Juliet is the Better Lover Essay Example for Free Juliet is the Better Lover Essay Romeo and Juliet is Shakespeareââ¬â¢s greatest love story. With all the characters mixed up in love, hate, war and friendship, the bardââ¬â¢s tale spearheads a current debate on whether Romeo or Juliet was the better lover. This paper attempts to prove why Juliet is by far the better lover compared to Romeo. Experts have reason to believe that Romeo and Juliet were actually juveniles. Romeo was fourteen and Juliet was thirteen. This was evident in Elizabethan royalties where sons and daughters of the rich found themselves pre-arranged to sons and daughter of the same class. Girls were allowed to marry as young as 12. Between Romeo and Juliet, Juliet sacrificed more because she had to pursue her love to Romeo given the fact that she was a girl and was the younger of lover. Being a woman, much less a girl during the Elizabethan times meant following very strict rules. Breaking of these rules meant dishonor, disgrace and punishment from her parents. Although the Romeo deserves the same fate from his parents, the gender difference makes all the difference. ââ¬Å"Elizabethan Women were totally dominated by the male members of their family. They were expected to instantly obey not only their father but also their brothers and any other male members of the family. The punishment for disobey was the whipping stool the Elizabethan girls were beaten into submission and disobedience was seen as a crime against their religion. â⬠(2005) Of the many definitions of love, Scott Peck describes it in his book The Road Less Traveled as; ââ¬Å"The will to extend oneââ¬â¢s self for the purpose of nurturing oneââ¬â¢s own or anotherââ¬â¢s spiritual growth. â⬠(Peck, 1978) In this definition between Juliet and Romeo, it is Juliet who has extended herself. Trusting her life to the poison of the priest, she totally follows the plan hoping that through her sacrifice, Romeo and herself can live happily ever after. During those times when total faith is expected and practiced in society, the belief in earthly concoctions is almost equal to belief in witchesââ¬â¢ ways. But because of her love for Romeo, Juliet allows her heartbeat to stop for three days choosing a life with her Romeo than a well-off life with her parents and Paris. Compared to the sacrifice of Romeo and Juliet, it is Julietââ¬â¢s sacrifice that can be considered weighty because she became consistent with her selflessness for her lover. Romeo couldnââ¬â¢t sacrifice his vengeance for his friend who was killed by Julietââ¬â¢s cousin which made the turns in the story. If love is self-sacrifice then Romeo is a better lover because he killed himself for the love of Juliet but love is not self-sacrifice per se. Love is the act of expanding oneself so that one could evolve from something to something better. To note, Juliet died twice for her Romeo. The first time was when she drank the poison and the second time was when she stabbed herself. So in the matter of the number of times the lovers tried to kill themselves for the love of the lover, it is still Juliet that outnumbered Romeo. She not only outnumbered Romeo in the time she killed herself but in the ways she did it. Romeo only used the poison once but Juliet used the poison and used the dagger to lead her to bleed to death upon her realization that her Romeo was dead. Juliet is the better lover because she was the first one who had to endure a loverââ¬â¢s loss. When Romeo was banished, she grieved for her Romeo more than for her cousin. If Romeo did not instantly grieve the death of his friend, maybe Julietââ¬â¢s cousin would still be alive, but then again the greatest love story would not have been told. Romeo grieved for Juliet only upon knowing of her death, which made very dramatic and weighty due to his committing suicide. However, the drama did not climax at the end of his suicide but it further gained heights when Juliet took the dagger and impaled it into her chest. ââ¬Å"Suicide is not something that happens for a simple reason. It is impossible to rap up in a nutshell the many reasons a person may want to die. The reasons for suicide range from critical injury and fatal illness to momentary sadness or a sudden and emotionally jarring shock. Some reasons may seem logical (if you are in pain and dying anyway, why prolong the suffering? ) while others seem ridiculous (a crush dumped on you in front of friends and you feel humiliated) but whatever the reason, to the person thinking of suicide, they are unbearable. The fact of the matter is that the vast majority of suicides are the result of a complex combination of circumstances, emotions and a psyche in turmoil. â⬠(Hardcastle, 2007) For Juliet, it was definitely a combination of perplexities during that very moment. But surely among them, she had the option of just continuing her life free of anything and everything. She could start anew because she was dead to her parents and families anyway. However, since she was also young and in shock about the death of her Romeo, the dagger was a quick solution to make her be eternally together with Romeo. Juliet definitely chose love. Physiologically, Juliet is more capable of being the better lover. At fourteen, boys will be boys as could be proven by the rage Romeo had when his enemy killed his friend. The clouding of the mind, never mind if he was about to kill his brideââ¬â¢s cousin but the rage of testosterone controlled Romeo. There are physiological differences between girls and boys that would prove their capability of experiencing true and mature love, as explained by Dr. Gurian, 1999. 1. Adolescent boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed as emotionally disturbed than adolescent girls. Given this, Romeo most likely had decided to kill himself but that decision may have been influenced with disturbed thoughts. 2. Adolescent males are four times as likely to commit suicide as adolescent females. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo would not count so much as Julietââ¬â¢s suicide due to gender difference. 3. Adolescent males are routinely found to channel other primary feelings; hurt, pain, grief, into anger. Given this, there would be a possibility for Romeo to have committed suicide due to anger at the whole world than due to love for Juliet. 4. Adolescent boys are 15 times as likely as adolescent females to be victims of violent crime. Adolescent boys commit violent crime at a higher rate than adult offenders. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo does not count more in intensity than Juliet in terms of the violence confronting the adolescents. The shock, fear, courage and other emotions of putting the dagger towards her heart has more weight due to the gender difference. 5. Millions of adolescent boys experience post-traumatic stress due to family, cultural, and socio-economic situations. A post-traumatic boy is ten times more likely than his female peer to act out in a way that is dangerous to another person. Proving who the better lover is most difficult but like in any debate, the definitions must be stated clearly. For this paper, love has been defined as the act of self-sacrifice in the most mature circumstances. Love is an act where a person would consistently show in her actions and decisions that she is bound to another because she wishes the other person expansion of himself with her along with him. The sacrifice of Juliet comes early on in the play as can be taken from the excerpt; ââ¬Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name, or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and Iââ¬â¢ll no longer be a Capulet. â⬠The line illustrates that Juliet will decide not to be Capulet if Romeo do not relinquish his name. This decision also illustrates how Juliet was ready to sacrifice her whole identity just for the sake of her lover. Maybe, for Romeo to become the better lover, he should have been more mature than Juliet. Meantime, the bardââ¬â¢s tale is a unique example of truly big womenââ¬â¢s capacity to love is. References: â⬠¦. , 2007. Elizabethan Women. http://www. william-shakespeare. info/elizabethan-women. htm Peck, Scott. M. MD. 1978. The Road Less Travelled. P. 81. Touchstone New York Hardcastle, Mike. 2007. Teen Advice. http://teenadvice. about. com/mbiopage. htm Gurian, Michael. PhD. 1999. Ten things each of us should know about adolescent boys. Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3836318263116723944.post-88934115141484439582019-11-15T06:31:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:31:10.884-08:00Management Of Variations In Construction Management Construction EssayManagement Of Variations In Construction Management Construction Essay Management of Variations could be counted as one of the most significant challenges in construction management. The nature and amount of Variations occurrence varies from one project to another depending on various factor (CII, 1986; Kaming, Olomloaiye, Holt Harris, 1997). Arain and Low (2005a) identified the design phase as the most likely area on to focus to reduce the number of Variations. The newsletter Law Talk by McKays Solicitors discussed that Contractors inability to successfully pursue variations claims, is one of the main factors contributing to business bankruptcy in the industry. One way to reduce Variations on site is to begin with is to focusing on what and how does the project team can help in minimizing the problems during the design phase (Arain, 2005). Variations changing the design or the specifications usually have a time impact and a cost impact. It is for this reason that the construction drawings and specification should be prepared with great care and precision. The less ambiguity in terms of design documentation, then lower the potential for Variations (Stuart Miller, 2009). This chapter focuses on the definition and nature of Variations. The causes and impacts which the Variations influence from the pre-construction stage until the construction stage will be identified. Definition A construction contract is an agreement to build and can be subjected to variability. Contractual provisions relating to changes allow certain parties involved in the Contract to initiate variation orders within the ambit of and without vitiating the Contract. There is no single explanation for the word variation. Variation in layman terms means changes, alteration or modifications. Each standard form of building contract has its own definition for Variation. In PAM 2006 (Clause 11.1) Variation means the alteration of modification of the design, quality or quantity of the Works. A Variation can be any, a combination of any of the following: Variation in building projects may mean the alteration of modification of the design quality or quality of the Works in the Contract drawings and described by the Contract Bill of Quantities and includes the addition, omission or substitution of any work (Clause 11.1 (a) ), the alteration of the kind of standard of any of the material as goods to be used in the Works (Clause 11.1 (b) ), and the removal from site of any work executed or material and good brought thereon by the Contractor for the purpose of the Works other than work, material and goods which are not in accordance with the contract (Clause 11.1 (d) ). Variation in building projects together related with instruction of expenditure of provisional sums, prime cost sums and instruction related the nature of Works are a Variation in the contract documents. Variation of contract in law, are variation of the contract terms condition. Example: both parties alter the original contract document by agreement after execution of the original contract. Variation of price clause which enables the sum to be adjusted for increase or reduction in the cost of labour or materials. Variations are directly attributed to matter not being stated or as required in the contract documents. This occurs either because circumstances actually changes or because circumstances upon which the contract documents based were misinterpreted. The former is matters which can easily appreciated and comprehend. Nevertheless, it still has two distinct aspects. Firstly, circumstances may change in such a way, which can have no control, that the documentation can now be seen to be defective. Alternatively, circumstances may require that the client determines a choice of action, with the resulting choice of creating a Variation. Most standard forms of contract include a clause under which the employer or his representative is able to issue an instruction to the contractor to vary the works which are described in the contract. A change in shape of the scheme, the introduction of different materials, revised timing and sequence are all usually provided for by the variations clause. It will also usually include a mechanism for evaluating the financial effect of the variation and there is normally provision for adjusting the completion date. In the absence of such a clause the employer could be in a difficulty should a variation to the works be required. The contractor could both refuse to carry out the work or undertake the work and insist upon payment on a quantum meruit or fair valuation basis. Calculation of the price for the extra work applying this method could involve payment well in excess of the contract rates. Potential Causes of Variation Literature reviews that of Variations and Variation Orders requires a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of Variations (Hester et al., 1991).Variations some of which are financial, design aesthetics, changes in drawings, weather, geological and geotechnical reasons. From the literature review, there were 53 causes of Variations identified and these Variations are mainly caused by the Employer, Consultants and Contractors. As shown in Figure 1, these causes of Variations were grouped under four categories: Employer related Variations, Consultants related Variations, Contractor related Variations and other Variations. These Causes of Variations have been identified by many researchers (CII, 1990a; Thomas and Napolitan, 1994; Clough and Sears, 1994; Fisk, 1997; Ibbs et al., 1998; OBrien, 1998; Mokhtar et al., 2000; Gray and Hughes, 2001; Arain et al., 2004). The causes of Variations can be categorized according to the originators (CII, 1990a; Thomas and Napolitan, 1994). The 53 causes identified from the literature review are also discussed below. Causes of Variations Employer related Variations Consultants related Variations Contractors related Variations Change of plans or scope by Employer Change in design by Consultants Lack of Contractors involvement in design Change of schedule by Employer Errors and omissions in design Unavailability of equipment Employers financial problem Conflict between contract documents Unavailability of skills Inadequate project objective Inadequate scope of work for contractor Contractors financial difficulties Replacement of materials/procedure Technology change Contractors desired profitability Impediment in prompt decision making process Value engineering Differing site conditions Obstinate nature of Employer Lack of coordination Defective workmanship Change in specifications by Employer Design complexity Unfamiliarity with local conditions Inadequate working drawing details Lack of specialized construction manager Inadequate shop drawing details Fast track construction Consultant lack of judgment and experience Poor procurement process Lack of consultants knowledge of available materials and equipment Lack of communication Honest wrong belief of consultant Contractors lack of judgement experience Consultants lack of required data Long lead procurement Obstinate nature of consultant Honest wrong belief of contractor Ambiguous design details Complex design and technology Design discrepancies (inadequate design) Lack of strategic planning Non-compliance design with govt. regulation Contractors lack of required data Non-compliance design with owners requirement Contractors obstinate nature Change in specifications by Consultant Figure 1: Causes of Variation grouped under four categories A. Employer Related Changes This section discusses the causes of Variations that were initiated by the Employer. In some cases, the Employer directly initiates Variations or the Variations are required because the Employer fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying out the project. Change of plans or scope by Employer: Change of plan or scope of project is one of the most significant causes of Variations in construction projects (CII, 1990b) and is usually the result of insufficient planning at the project planning stage, or also i can because of lack of involvement of the Employer in the design phase (Arain et al., 2004). This cause the Variations affects the project severely during the later phases. Change of schedule by Employer: A change of schedule or master programme during the project construction phase may result in major resource reallocation (Fisk, 1997; OBrien, 1998). This is because time has an equivalent money value. A change in schedule means that the Contractor will either provide additional resources, or keep some resources idle in the construction site. In both cases additional cost is incurred. Employers financial problems: The Employer of the project may run into difficult financial situations that force him to make changes in an attempt to reduce cost of the project. Employers financial problems affect project progress and quality (Clough and Sears, 1994; OBrien, 1998). Proper financial planning and review of project cash flow would be effective in avoid this problem to from happening. Inadequate project objectives: Inadequate project objectives are one of the causes of Variations in construction projects (Ibbs and Allen, 1995). Due to inadequate project objectives, the designers would not be able to develop a comprehensive design which leads to many of Variations during the project construction phase. Replacement of materials or procedures: Replacement of materials or procedures may cause major Variations during the construction phase. The substitution of procedures includes Variations in application methods (Chappell and Willis, 1996). Therefore, an adjustment to the original contract value is required if there is a change in procedures. Impediment in prompt decision making process: Prompt decision making is an important factor for project success (Sanvido et al., 1992; Gray and Hughes, 2001). A delay in decision making may obstruct the progress of subsequent construction activities and that may eventually delay the entire project progress. Obstinate nature of Employer: A building project is the result of the combined efforts of the professionals. They have to work at the various interfaces of a project (Wang, 2000; Arain et al., 2004). If the Employer is obstinate, he may not accommodate other creative and beneficial ideas. Eventually, this may cause major Variations in the later stages and affect the project negatively. Change in specifications by owner: Changes in specifications are frequent in construction projects with inadequate project objectives (OBrien, 1998). In a multi-player environment like any construction project, change in specifications by the Employer during the construction phase may require major Variations and adjustments in project planning and procurement activities. B. Consultant Related Variations This section discusses the causes of Variations that were initiated by the consultant. In some cases, the consultant directly initiates Variations or the Variations are required because the consultant fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying out the project. Change in design by Consultants: Change in design for improvement by the Consultant is a norm in contemporary professional practice (Arain et al., 2004). The changes in design are frequent in projects where construction starts before the design is finalized (Fisk, 1997). Design changes can affect a project adversely depending on the timing of the occurrence of the changes. Errors and omissions in design: Errors and omissions in design are an important cause of project to delays (Arain et al., 2004). Design errors and omissions may lead to loss of productivity and delay in project schedule (Assaf et al., 1995). Hence, errors and omissions in design can affect a project adversely depending on the timing of the occurrence of the errors. Conflicts between contract documents: Conflict between contract documents can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a project (CII, 1986a). To convey complete project scope for participants, the contract documents must be clear and straight to the point. Insufficient details in contract documents may adversely affect the project, leading to delay in project completion. Inadequate scope of work for contractor: In a multi-player environment like construction, the scope of work for all the players must be clear and without uncertainty for successful project completion (Fisk, 1997; Arain et al., 2004). Inadequate scope of work for the contractor can cause major Variations that may negatively affect the project, and leads to changes in construction planning. Technology change: Technology change is a potential cause of Variations in a project. Project planning should be flexible for accommodating new beneficial Variations (CII, 1994b). This is because the new technology can be beneficial in the project life cycle, for instance, reducing maintenance cost of the project. Or new methods of constructions that reduce construction cost. Value engineering: Value engineering should ideally be carried out during the design phase (DellIsola, 1982). During the construction phase, value engineering can be a costly exercise, as Variation in any design element would initiate and leads to Variations to other relevant design components (Mokhtar et al., 2000). Lack of coordination: A lack of coordination between parties may cause major variations that could eventually impact the project adversely (Arain et al., 2004). Unfavourable Variations, which affect the projects negatively, can usually be managed at an early stage by paying extra focus in coordination. Design complexity: Complex designs require unique skills and construction methods (Arain et al., 2004). Complexity affects the flow of construction activities, whereas simple and linear construction works are relatively easy to handle (Fisk, 1997). Hence, complexity may cause major Variations in construction projects. Inadequate working drawing details: To convey a complete concept of the project design, the working drawings must be clear and concise (Geok, 2002). Insufficient working drawing details can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a project (Arain et al., 2004). Thorough reviewing of design details would assist in minimizing Variations. Inadequate shop drawing details: Shop drawings are usually developed for construction work details for site professionals (Cox and Hamilton, 1995). As mentioned earlier with regard to working drawing details, likewise, inadequacy of shop drawing details can be a potential cause of Variations in the construction projects. Consultants lack of judgment and experience: Professional experience and judgment is an important factor for a successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994; OBrien, 1998). The lack of professional experience increases the risk of errors in design as well as during construction. Eventually, this may affect the project quality and delay the project completion. Lack of consultants knowledge of available materials and equipment: Knowledge of available materials and equipment is an important factor for developing a comprehensive design (Geok, 2002). In the construction industry where material standardization is not common, the consultants lack of knowledge of available materials and equipment can cause numerous major Variations during various project phases. Honest wrong beliefs of consultant: Honest wrong beliefs may cause construction professionals to contribute poor value add in projects (Arain, 2002; Arain et al., 2004). Consultants, without having firsthand knowledge, may make decisions based on their wrong beliefs which would adversely affect the pace of the project. Consultants lack of required data: A lack of data can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirements of a project (Assaf et al., 1995; Arain, 2002). When there is insufficient data, consultants are prone to develop designs based on their own perceptions, which may not be what the Employer wants. Eventually, this may cause major Variations and affect the project negatively. Obstinate nature of consultant: In a multi-player environment like construction, the professionals have to work as team at the various interfaces of a project (Wang, 2000; Arain et al., 2004). If the consultant is obstinate, he may not accommodate other creative and beneficial ideas. Eventually, this may cause major Variations in the later stages and affect the project negatively. Ambiguous design details: A clearer design tends to be comprehended more readily (OBrien, 1998). Ambiguity or Doubtfulness or uncertainty in design is a potential cause of Variations in a project. This is because ambiguity in design can be misinterpreted by project participants, leading to rework and delay in the project completion. Eventually, this may affect the project progress negatively. Design discrepancies (inadequate design): Inadequate design can be a frequent cause of Variations in construction projects (CII, 1990a; Fisk, 1997). Design discrepancies affect the project functionality and quality. Eventually, this can affect a project adversely depending on the timing of the occurrence of the Variations. Noncompliance of design with government regulations: Noncompliance of design with government regulations or policies would cost the project difficult to execute (Clough and Sears, 1994). Noncompliance with government regulations may affect the project safety and progress negatively, leading to serious accidents and delays in the project completion. Noncompliance of design with owners requirements: A comprehensive design is one that accommodates the owners requirements (Cox and Hamilton, 1995). A noncompliance design with the owners requirements is considered an inadequate design (Fisk, 1997). Eventually, this may cause Variations for accommodating the Employers requirements. This may affect the project adversely during the construction phase. Change in specifications by consultant: Changes in specifications are frequent in construction projects with inadequate project objectives (OBrien, 1998). As mentioned earlier with respect to changes in specifications by the Employer, this is also a potential cause of Variations in a project, leading to reworks and delays in the project completion. C. Contractor Related Variations This section discusses the causes of Variations that were related to the Contractor. In some cases, the contractor may suggest Variations to the project, or the Variations may be required because the contractor fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying out the project. Lack of Contractors involvement in design: Involvement of the Contractor in the design may assist in developing better designs by accommodating his creative and practical ideas (Arain et al., 2004). Lack of Contractors involvement in design may eventually cause Variations. Practical ideas which are not accommodated during the design phase will eventually affect the project negatively. Unavailability of equipment: Unavailability of equipment is a procurement problem that can affect the project completion (OBrien, 1998). Occasionally, the lack of equipment may cause major design Variations or adjustments to project scheduling to accommodate the replacement. Unavailability of skills (shortage of skilled manpower): Skilled manpower is one of the major resources required for complex technological projects (Arain et al., 2004). Shortage of skilled manpower is more likely to occur in complex technological projects. This lack can be a cause for Variations that may delay the projects completion date. Contractors financial difficulties: Construction is a labour intensive industry. Whether the Contractor has been paid or not, the wages of the worker must still be paid (Thomas and Napolitan, 1994). Contractors financial difficulties may cause major Variations during a project, affecting its quality and progress and in some cases even the safety of the site is affected if there is an argument. Contractors desired profitability: Contractors desired profitability can be a potential cause of Variations in construction projects. This is because Variations are considered a common source of additional works for the contractor (OBrien, 1998). The Contractor may eventually strive to convince the project Employer to allow certain Variations, leading to additional financial benefits for him. Differing site conditions: Differing site condition can be an important cause of delays in large building projects (Assaf et al., 1995). The contractor may face different soil conditions than those indicated in the tender documents. Eventually this may affect his cost estimates and schedule negatively. Defective workmanship: Defective workmanship may lead to demolition and rework in construction projects (Fisk, 1997; OBrien, 1998). Defective workmanship results in low quality in construction projects (Arain et al., 2004). Even the Contractor bares the cost of the defective work, but this also may affect the project negatively, leading to rework and delay in the project completion. Unfamiliarity with local conditions: Familiarity with local conditions is an important factor for the successful completion of a construction project (Clough and Sears, 1994). If the Contractor is not aware of local conditions, it would be extremely difficult for him to carry out the project. Eventually, project delays may occur that end up with vital Variations in the entire design entity. Lack of a specialized construction manager: The construction manager carries out the construction phase in an organized way to eliminate the risks of delays and other problems. Lack of a specialized construction manager may lead to defective workmanship and delay in the construction project. Fast track construction: Fast track construction requires an organized system to concurrently carry out interdependent project activities (Fisk, 1997). When the public and private sectors have large funds and want to complete projects in a very short time, complete construction drawings and specifications may not be available when the contractor starts work (Arain et al., 2004).Eventually, this procurement mode may cause major Variations. Poor procurement process: Procurement delays have various negative effects on other processes in the construction cycle (Fisk, 1997). Occasionally, the procurement delay may cause an entire change or replacement for originally specified materials or equipment for the project (Arain et al., 2004). This may therefore cause a need for project activities to be reworked. Lack of communication: Detrimental Variations, which affect the projects adversely, can usually be managed at an early stage with strong and incessant communication. A lack of coordination and communication between parties may cause major Variations that could eventually impact the project negatively (Arain et al., 2004). Contractors lack of judgment and experience: The consultants lack of professional experience increases the risk of errors during construction (OBrien, 1998). This lack may cause major construction Variations in a project, when both Contractor and consultant could not identify or foresee the problems in the planning stage due to both parties are lacking of experience. Eventually, this may affect the project quality and delay the project completion. Long lead procurement: Procurement delays have various adverse affects on other processes in the construction cycle (Fisk, 1997). Occasionally, the procurement delay may cause an entire change or replacement for originally specified materials or equipment for the project. Delay in long lead procurement is a common cause of delays in building projects (Assaf et al., 1995). Honest wrong beliefs of contractor: As mentioned earlier with respect to honest wrong beliefs of the consultant, honest wrong beliefs of the contractor can also be a potential cause of Variations in construction projects. Contractors, without having firsthand knowledge, may make decisions based on their wrong beliefs which would adversely affect the quality and pace of the project. Complex design and technology: Complex design and technology require detailed interpretations by the designer to make it comprehensible for the Contractor (Arain, 2002). A complex design may be experienced for the first time by the Contractor. Eventually, the complexity may affect the flow of construction activities, leading to delays in the project completion. Lack of strategic planning: Proper strategic planning is an important factor for successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994; CII, 1994a). The lack of strategic planning is a common cause of Variations in projects where construction starts before the design is finalized, for instance, in concurrent design and construction contracts (OBrien, 1998). Contractors lack of required data: A lack of required data may affect the contractors strategic planning for successful project completion, leading to frequent disruptions during the construction process. This is because a lack of data can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirements of a project (Assaf et al., 1995; Arain et al., 2004). Contractors obstinate nature: As mentioned earlier with regard to the obstinate nature of consultant, likewise, this can be a potential cause of Variations in construction projects. If the Contractor is obstinate, he may not accommodate creative and beneficial ideas suggested by others. Eventually, this may cause major Variations in the later stages and affect the project negatively. D. Other Variations This section discusses the causes of Variations that were not directly related to the project team. Weather conditions: Adverse weather conditions can affect outside activities in construction projects (Fisk, 1997; OBrien, 1998). When weather conditions vary such as the various monsoon seasons in Malaysia, the contractor needs to adjust the construction schedule accordingly. Occasionally, this may affect the project progress negatively, leading to delays in construction. Safety considerations: Safety is an important factor for the successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994). Noncompliance with safety requirements may cause major Variations in design. Lack of safety considerations may affect the project progress negatively, leading to serious accidents and delays in the project completion. Change in government regulations: Local authorities may have specific codes and regulations that need to be accommodated in the design (Arain et al., 2004). Change in government regulations during the project construction phase may cause major Variations in design and construction. This can affect a project negatively depending on the timing of the occurrence of the changes. Change in economic conditions: Economic conditions are one of the influential factors that may affect a construction project (Fisk, 1997). The economic situation of a country can affect the whole construction industry and its participants. Eventually, this may affect the project negatively, depending on the timing of the occurrence of the Variations. Socio-cultural factors: Professionals with different socio-cultural backgrounds may encounter problems due to different perceptions, and this may affect the working environment of the construction project (Arain et al., 2004). Lack of coordination is common between professionals with different socio-cultural backgrounds (OBrien, 1998). Eventually, project delays may occur that end up with vital changes in the entire project team. Unforeseen problems: Unforeseen conditions are usually faced by professionals in the construction industry (Clough and Sears, 1994; OBrien, 1998). If these conditions are not solved as soon as possible, they may cause major Variations in the construction projects. Eventually, this may affect the project negatively, leading to reworks and delays in the project completion. The Effects of Variation As stated in Max Abrahams in his book Engineering Law and the ICE Contracts, most of the employment given to the legal profession on engineering work is to do with disputes about Variations. Most significant number of claims emerged are from Variations, and that the Variation clause exists mainly is to protect the client/employer. If the majority claims by the contractors and the greatest problem in contract management are both caused by Variation, then either the variation must be reduced or eliminated, or a better legal and practical framework must be created so that they can be solve with more effectively. The simple answer to this is to be able to avoid use the of variation clause in the contract.. However, if a contract does not provide such clauses, the client may find himself unable to do something and accepting an unsatisfied product because he could not change what he now wants, although in return for great certainty with regard to price and possibly time. The existence of a variation clause improves the potential for securing and improving end product, but with a price, for the client then have less certainty about the price to be paid and the time for completion. In addition it to be said that the existence of Variation clause itself will also generate Variations cost, because the complete design at tender stage can be avoided. The extend to which completed design is to avoided at the tender state and extend to which the client has not secured a fixed price is generally considerable. Consider for instance, the parts of building project which are consider being variable in any event: Prime cost sums Provisional sum Provisional quantities Contingencies Day works Fluctuations Therefore, it is rare that a building contract sum is fixed. It is considered unwise that the contract should not contains Variation clauses because the consequence of inability to change the works as a right would, inevitably, lead on occasion to waste of resources. Some contracts do not contain Variation clauses, and such contract is very common in North America. This does not mean the Variation would not arise, only that the client has no contractual rights to vary the works. What we need is not about eliminating the Variation clauses, but to have better defined clauses. An inefficiently defined variation clauses can be easily identified, as variation occurs more often in works of alteration than on new works yet the system if control is not better; the same clauses are frequently used notwithstanding the fact that variations can to a great extent be reasonably anticipated on works of refurbishment or alteration. An improved legal framework and system of control must be also being willingness on the part of the professionals to use the variation clauses as intended and not to abuse it. Abuse can occur for various reasons: Where a clause is implemented because the scheme was not ful Amalia Corbitthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16447085851171436853noreply@blogger.com0